CJ 106 Final Exam

a criminal suspect's oral or written acknowledgment of guilt, which often includes details of the crime. this should not be covered by threats or force

confession

what should precede every interrogation

interview

non-accusatory, relatively formal convo to obtain info

interview

where should interviews take place?
should notes be taken?
when should the interviews occur?
can a person terminate an interview anytime?

in a relaxing environment to aid recall
yes
before the case focuses on a particular person
yes

accusatory, systematic questioning of a person suspected of involvement in a crime with the purpose of obtaining a confession

interrogations

what are some good ways to have a successful interview?

1. develop a plan of action
2. conduct interview in private
3. place interviewee's at ease
4. be a good listener
5. ask the right questions
6. don't dispute the subjects answers
7. maintain control of the interview
8. take brief notes
9. adjourn interview properly

____________ continues to play vital role in obtaining a conviction despite all technologies and scientific advances aiding evidence

confession

what are the goals of the interrogation

1.learn the truth of the crime and how it happened
2.obtain admission of guilt
3.get all the facts to determine the method of operation and circumstances of the crime

imposition of restrictions on physical behavior, examples are prolonged interrogation or deprivation of food, water, and sleep

duress

use, or threat of use, of illegal physical methods to induce a suspect to make an admission or confession

coercion

informed of rights, suspect must also freely and voluntarily waive those rights before questioning

the miranda warning

suspects can invoke their rights away _________ and may stop answering ____________

any time, questions

main court case associated with the public safety exception to Miranda

New York v. Quartes

police officers who are reasonably concerned for public safety may question persons who are in custody and haven't been read the Miranda warning

Public Safety Exception

What are some ways to prevent abuse of information?

it must be properly collected, directed, controlled, and managed

why have many terrorist attacks since 9/11 have been foiled

because of proper information collection and sharing

a focus of information gathering

organized crime

state and local agents use information gathering for __________ matters

criminal

personal interaction with people, witnesses, victim, or suspects

overt info collection

what is vital in the overt info collection

documentation of contact

a process of data collection on criminal acts that have not yet occurred but when the investigator must prepare

covert information collection

type of gathering that originated as a function of the military and has expanded into criminal intelligence applied to domestic law enforcement

intelligence gathering

knowledge of past, present, future, criminal activity that results from the collection of info that, when evaluated provide user with basis for rational decision making

criminal intelligence

reactive in nature
works with deductive logic
open files
successful culmination of a criminal investigation is an arrest or conviction

criminal investigation

provides investigator with info as to the capabilities and intentions of target subjects

strategic intelligence

furnishes police agency with specifics about individuals, organizations, and different types of criminal activity

tactical intelligence

what is the first phase of the procedure for intelligence gathering

target selection

what is the second phase of the procedure for intelligence gathering

data collection

how is the information cataloged and stored

electronically

information should not be gathered solely based on what?

race, color, sexual preference, or political and religious beliefs

demonstrates a chain of events or activities over a period

flowcharting

analysis are conducted early in an investigation to portray order of events

event flow

analysis may simplify the investigation process by charting the flow of commodities like drugs, money, and arms shipments

commodity flow

a nationwide program of 6 regional centers that provide flexible and locally based services to local, state, and federal agencies in all 50 states, U.S. territories, Austria, Canada, England, and New Zealand

RISS

these are wanted on a police patrol vehicle or on interstate overpasses and uses high-speed cameras that take pictures of license plates

Automatic License Plate Readers

a surveillance technology that has the capacity to read faces in a crowd and identify known or wanted persons

Facial recognition technology

why do investigators use social media

to track criminal communications and conduct background investigations of police applicants
track missing persons
wanted persons
gang activity
identity theft

this is installed by police on a vehicle and information of where that car went 24/7

Global Positioning System(GPS)

case that said warrant is required for prolonged surveillance

U.S. v. Jones

in order to track via cell phone you don't need an active call but the phone must be ________

turned on

first tapped phone line case

Olmsetad v. U.S.

ruled that a warrant is required to unveil what person makes on effort to keep private

Kate v. U.S.

what can surveillance be of?

a person, vehicle, or location

aids in obtaining evidence of a crime, prevent the commission of the crime, obtaining probable cause, or info to use during an interview

surveillance

the killing of one person by another

homicide

involve killing at 2 or more locations with almost no time break between murders

murder sprees

the killing of 4 or more victims at one location within 1 event

mass murder

happens over time and involves the killing of several victims in 3 or more separate events

serial murders

attract public interest due to the extreme violence of the act

sensational murders

how can the mode of death be discovered?

discovered through examination of the deceased , the crime, and a medical examiner

what are the four ways that people are listed as dying

accidental
natural
suicide
murder

has there been a decline or rise in the murder rate since 2009?

decline

what are most murder victims and perpetrators

male

purposeful, premeditated, and unlawful taking of the life of a human by another person

murder

most serious degree of murder and involves premeditation and preplanning

1st degree murder

degree of murder that is a lesser offense; killing without influence by sudden passion

2nd degree murder

deliberate killing but cane either voluntary or involuntary

manslaughter

type of manslaughter that is out of an act of passion, but no premeditation

voluntary manslaughter

type of manslaughter that is accidental or non intentional death with negligance

involuntary manslaughter

willful killings that are justifiable or excusable

justifiable homicide

what should the officer do immediately upon arriving on the crime scene

determine if the victim is dead or alive
attempts to apprehend the perpetrator
safeguards the scene
interview any witnesses

the sequential documentation of evidence that shows the seizure, custody, control, transfer, analysis, and disposition of evidence

chain of custody

when should the deceased victims body be removed from the crime scene

after the crime scene has been processed

____________ is critical in a homicide case with no witnesses

time of death

how can the time of deathbed determined

by taking a liver temperature and working backwards

list the five stages of body decomposition

1. fresh stage
2. putrefaction stage
3. black putrefaction stage
4. butyric fermentation stage
5. dry decay stage

when does the fresh stage occur?

occurs during the first few days after the death

is there any physical signs of decomposition in the fresh stage

no

the cooling of the body temperature

algor mortis

what is probably the worst stage of body decomposition where the body experiences odor, color changes, and bloating of the body during the decomposition? This is the second stage.

putrefaction stage

in stage two insect activity is from members of the ______ family

calliphoridae

stage three of the body decomposition where the body cavity ruptures and abdominal gases escape, and body color darkens

black putrefaction stage

what has a greater prevalence in the black putrefaction stage

scavengers and insects

when does the black putrefaction stage end?

when bones become apparent(10-20 days)

stage four of the body decomposition where the body begins mummification and dries out

Butyric fermentation stage

loss of body odor and formation of a cheesy appearance on body

Adipocere(grave wax) formation

stage five of the body decomposition and the last of soft tissue has been removed from the body. Skeletonization occurs and this is the longest process

dry decay stage

studies the clues to the cause of death found in the corpse as a medical phenomenon

forensic pathology

studies of insects and other vermin found in corpses

forensic entomology

studies skeletons and human remains, usually to seek clues to the identity, race, and sex

forensic anthropology

what are they ways that gunshot wounds vary?

they vary based on type of caliber of weapon used
distance between shooter and victim
whether bullet ricocheted off another object

occur when the muzzle is held against the body when discharged which leaves powder particles

contact wounds

surrounds an entrance wound with a small amount of blood

abrasion ring

larger, irregular, and have protruding issue without abrasion rings

exit wounds

bullets normally travel how?

straight line unless they hit.a bone

involve preventing the intake of air into the lungs

suffocation and smothering

carried out by squeezing the area for a sustained period of time

strangulation

what type of marks aid in determining if the body was hung, suicide, via hanging, moved after being hung, instrument used to commit the strangulation

Ligature marks

can be serious, obvious wounds of being hit with a object of internal wounds with only exterior bruising that might lead to conclusions that the hit didn't cause the death

blunt force trauma

occurs when liquid enters lungs and prevents air from getting in

drowning death

personal crime, face-to-face contact between the victim and offender in which the offender threatens or uses face to stela items not belonging to them

robbery

are robberies typically armed?
whoa re the victims typically of robbery?

no it is rare
elderly, disabled, weak

the use of intimidation

strong arm

what is the primary motivation for robbery?

money

Most robberies are known as being what?

quick, easy, and require little planning

involve theft with no face-to-face contact and no violence or threat of violence

burglaries

someone who robs in open areas is known as a ______ robber

street

someone who robs on private premises they are known as a ___________ robber

long time

when do commercial robberies typically occur

end of a work week, and during the evening or early morning hours

what percentage of of robbers occur at banks

2%