Socialization, Evolution, and Society Lecture

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms from socialization, human evolution, societal development, conformity, deviance, and human rights.

Socialization

Lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire identities and survival skills.

Political Socialization

Process by which people develop political attitudes, values, and opinions.

Social Context

The cultural, linguistic, and structural circumstances (class, ethnicity, gender) surrounding a society.

Content (of Socialization)

Ideas, beliefs, behaviors, and information transmitted to the individual.

Process (of Socialization)

Methods of interaction through which social content is conveyed.

Self-Identity

Unique sense of self and awareness of one’s relationship to society and the world.

Internalization

Acceptance of society’s norms, roles, and values as one’s own.

Enculturation

Socialization into a specific culture through observation and interaction.

Family (Agent of Socialization)

Teaches language, relationships, rules, and moral behavior.

Peers (Agent of Socialization)

Transmit activities and trends among equals.

Religion (Agent of Socialization)

Imparts values about love, life, and spirituality.

Government (Agent of Socialization)

Provides laws, security, and sanctions or punishments.

Media (Agent of Socialization)

Disseminates stereotypes, information, and models of behavior.

Work (Agent of Socialization)

Introduces employment roles, rules, and income norms.

Ethnic Background (Agent)

Conveys beliefs, values, and customs of a heritage group.

School (Agent of Socialization)

Teaches grammar, rules, social settings, and civic values.

Identity Formation

Process by which a person develops a sense of who they are through interaction.

Norms

Culturally determined rules guiding what is right or wrong.

Folkways (Customs)

Everyday social conventions specifying proper behavior.

Mores

Norms defining what is morally right or wrong.

Laws

Formally enacted rules regulating behavior and conduct.

Taboos

Prohibitions against practices considered extremely immoral.

Values

Individual beliefs that motivate action and guide behavior.

Religiosity (Filipino Value)

Emphasis on spiritual life and religious practice.

Utang na Loob

Filipino sense of gratitude that compels returning favors.

Bayanihan

Community spirit where neighbors help each other.

Pakikipagkapwa

Treating others as fellow humans; akin to the Golden Rule.

Status

Any social position an individual occupies.

Ascribed Status

Position assigned at birth, such as age or sex.

Achieved Status

Position earned through choice, merit, or effort.

Biological Evolution

Genetic and physical changes in populations over generations.

Technological Evolution

Development of tools and equipment for daily tasks.

Biocultural Evolution

Interactive evolution of human biology and culture enabling each other.

Hominid

Early man-like primates able to stand upright with enlarged brains.

Homo Habilis

"Handy man" species that used stone tools.

Homo Erectus

"Upright man" capable of walking straight and refining tools.

Homo Sapiens

"Wise man" species and direct ancestor of modern humans.

Paleolithic Period

Old Stone Age when rough stone tools and fire were used.

Neolithic Period

New Stone Age marked by refined tools, agriculture, and animal domestication.

Age of Metals

Era when bronze, copper, and iron tools emerged (4,000–1,500 B.C.).

Savage Stage

Lowest evolutionary stage characterized by nomadic hunting-gathering life.

Barbaric Stage

Middle stage where people practiced animal domestication and horticulture.

Civilized Stage

Highest stage marked by the invention of writing.

Agricultural Innovation

Use of irrigation and techniques boosting food production in cities.

Diversification of Labor

Development of varied specialized occupations within society.

Social Stratification

Formation of social hierarchy and ranked classes.

Central Government

Institutional authority established to maintain social order.

Democratization

Process of establishing democratic principles and practices.

Conformity

Altering thoughts or actions to match accepted behaviors.

Compliance

Outward conformity to avoid punishment while privately disagreeing.

Identification (Conformity)

Accepting influence due to a satisfying relationship with the group.

Internalization (Conformity)

Adopting group beliefs because one genuinely agrees with them.

Deviance

Behavior or condition that violates social norms.

Structural Strain Theory

View that deviance arises from pressure to reach societal goals.

Subcultural View

Deviance results from following norms of one’s sub-group.

Labelling Theory

Deviance stems from societal reaction and labels applied to individuals.

Conflict Perspective (Deviance)

Sees deviance as outcome of social inequality and power.

Broken Window Theory

Links disorder in environments to higher deviance rates.

Social Control and Sanctions

Mechanisms society uses to enforce norms and discourage deviance.

Formal Sanctions

Penalties or rewards codified in laws and regulations.

Informal Sanctions

Unofficial reactions like gossip or praise from community members.

Human Dignity

Innate worth of every person deserving respect and fair treatment.

Human Rights

Basic freedoms and protections owed to all people.

Universal (Human Rights)

Apply to everyone, everywhere, without exception.

Fundamental (Human Rights)

Essential rights that cannot be taken away.

Indivisible (Human Rights)

All rights are interconnected and equally important.

Absolute (Human Rights)

Fully guaranteed and not subject to removal.