Studied by 8 people
Here is the review guide doc: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Dics4d6IFE0QkXJlmNGQ0D-ljv3tMFcL9PcnW_ATtlM/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.qf8gu65jomfy
Land-Based Empires
Empires primarily expanding through territorial conquest.
Maritime Empires
Empires expanding through naval exploration and trade.
Qing Empire
1644-1912 dynasty from Manchuria ruling China.
Mughal Empire
1526-1707 empire in Northern India, known for tolerance.
Ottoman Empire
Islamic empire, significant in Central Asia and Europe.
Safavid Empire
1501-1736 Persian empire enforcing Shia Islam.
Tokugawa Shogunate
Feudal regime in Japan from mid-1500s to 1800s.
Songhai Empire
West African empire known for trade and culture.
Aztec Empire
Mesoamerican empire known for human sacrifice rituals.
Inca Empire
South American empire in Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia.
Peter the Great
Russian czar modernizing Russia, 1689-1725.
Catherine the Great
German princess ruling Russia, 1762-1796.
Chattel Slavery
System where individuals are treated as property.
Serfdom
Peasants bound to land, not owned as slaves.
Corvee Labor
Unpaid labor required from peasants for landlords.
Encomienda System
Spanish system granting land and native labor.
Zamindar
Mughal landowners collecting taxes for the emperor.
Devshirme System
Ottoman practice of recruiting Christian boys as soldiers.
Janissaries
Elite Ottoman military unit, originally child slaves.
Divine Right
Belief that monarchs derive authority from God.
Confucianism
Philosophy emphasizing ethics, family, and social harmony.
Shi'ism
Branch of Islam emphasizing the leadership of Ali.
Sunni Islam
Branch of Islam following the community's consensus.
Shinto
Indigenous spirituality of Japan focusing on kami.
Bureaucratic Elites
Officials maintaining centralized control in empires.
Boyars
Noble class in Russia, owning land and power.
Bannermen
Qing military and administrative class of Manchus.
Ottoman Miniatures
Art depicting the emperor's life and court.
Qing Imperial Portraits
Life-sized portraits representing Qing emperors.
Emperor Visualization
Helped people understand the emperor's power.
Manchu Legitimization
Adopted Han elements to legitimize rule.
Taj Mahal
Symbol of wealth blending Persian and Indian art.
Versailles
Showcase of power, forced nobility to reside.
Queen Nanny
Leader of Jamaican Maroons resisting British rule.
Maroons
Runaway slaves who fought British in guerrilla warfare.
Treaty of 1740
Granted Nanny land and freedom after peace.
Queen Nzinga
Defended Angola's independence from Portuguese control.
Maratha Resistance
Fought British control in Mughal India.
Pugachev's Rebellion
Cossack revolt against Catherine the Great.
Mercantilism
Economic policy favoring exports and bullion acquisition.
Colonial Societies
New societies formed from European and African interactions.
Hacienda System
Large estates producing agricultural goods in colonies.
Peninsulares
Spanish settlers born in Spain, held power.
Creoles
Spanish descendants born in colonies, landowners.
Mestizo
Mixed heritage of Spanish and Indigenous ancestry.
Sugar Colonies
Plantations in Brazil and Caribbean for sugar production.
Slave Labor
Imported Africans worked under brutal conditions.
Mulattoes
Mixed European and African ancestry individuals.
Settler Colonies
Established for religious tolerance and new societies.
Scientific Revolution
Shift in understanding universe through observation and math.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Proposed heliocentric model of the universe.
Galileo Galilei
Improved telescope, observed celestial bodies.
Isaac Newton
Formulated laws of motion and gravity.
Margaret Cavendish
Published works, attended Royal Society sessions.
Maria Winkelmann
Discovered comet, faced gender barriers in science.
Enlightenment
Intellectual movement questioning authority and advocating reason.
Salons
Gatherings for discussing ideas, often hosted by women.
Ottoman Empire Expansion
The Ottoman Empire expanded starting in the 14th century by enslaving Christians from the Balkans, converting them to Islam, and turning them into the elite fighting force, the Janissaries.
Safavid Empire Expansion
The Safavid Empire expanded starting in the 16th century by raiding and conquering neighboring territories using gunpowder weapons.
Difference between Ottomans and Safavids
The difference that led to problems between the Ottomans and Safavids began as a political divide over who should rule after the death of Muhammad.
Mughal Empire Expansion
The Mughal Empire expanded starting in the 16th century when Babur defeated the Delhi Sultanate, utilizing gunpowder weapons.
Safavid-Mughal Conflict
The Safavid-Mughal Conflict was about lands in modern Afghanistan originally controlled by the Mughals, which the Safavids took control of, leading to a political and religious dispute.
Legitimizing Power
Legitimizing power refers to the methods rulers use to establish their authority.
Consolidating Power
Consolidating power is the method rulers use to transfer power from other groups to themselves.
Bureaucracies
Bureaucracies include thousands of government officials who ensure laws are kept throughout the empire.
Devshirme System
The Devshirme system was used by the Ottomans to staff their bureaucracy, beginning with the enslavement and conversion of Christian boys from the Balkans.
Janissaries
The Janissaries were an elite fighting force created from enslaved Christians who were converted to Islam and trained by the Ottomans.
Shah Abbas
Shah Abbas built up the military of the Safavid Empire with gunpowder weapons and created an enslaved army composed of Christians from the Caucasus region.
Religious Tolerance
Religious tolerance is a religious idea used by rulers like Emperor Akbar to legitimize their rule by showing acceptance towards the Hindu majority.
Political and Religious Disputes
The rivalry between the Ottomans and Safavids intensified the split between Sunni and Shi'a Islam, leading to political and religious disputes.
Military Professionals
The development of military professionals was a method used by rulers to consolidate their power.
Centralized Control
The use of bureaucratic elites became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources.
Elite Positions
Those who were seen as the brightest in the Devshirme system were appointed to elite positions in the Ottoman bureaucracy.
Education in Istanbul
The Devshirme system included education and training in Istanbul for the Christian boys who were enslaved and converted.
Ottoman Bureaucracy
The extensive education of those in the Devshirme system led them to be excellent and loyal bureaucrats in the Ottoman bureaucracy.
Conflict over Land
The Safavid-Mughal Conflict illustrates how territorial disputes can have underlying religious aspects.
Gunpowder Weapons
The adoption of gunpowder weapons was crucial for the expansion of empires like the Ottomans and Safavids.
Political Divide
The political divide between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims originated from disagreements over leadership succession after Muhammad's death.
Religious Aspect of Conflicts
Religious aspects often accompanied political disputes, as seen in the conflicts between the Safavids and Mughals.
Consolidation of Power
Rulers consolidated their power through various methods, including military and bureaucratic strategies.
Caucasus Region
The Caucasus region was a source of Christian soldiers for the Safavid Empire's military.
The Divine Right of Kings
The idea that kings were God's representatives on Earth, which helped to legitimize their rule.
Qing Dynasty Art
The Qing portrayed themselves in portraits with books to suggest Confucian wisdom, appealing to the Han Chinese population.
Inca Sun Temple of Cuzco
Built with walls covered in gold and courtyards filled with golden statues to associate rulers with the gods.
Palace of Versailles
Built by Louis XIV to show his power and to keep the French nobility under his watch.
Zamindar System
A system used by the Mughal Empire where elite landowners were given authority to tax peasants on behalf of the imperial government.
Tax-farming
A system used by the Ottomans where the right to collect taxes was sold to individuals.
Aztec Tribute Lists
A method where conquered regions were forced to send goods as tribute, which were specifically listed.
Protestant Reformation
A movement that marked a break with existing Christian traditions and led to the creation of Protestant churches.
Simony
The practice of buying Church offices, which contributed to the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.
Indulgences
The practice of selling forgiveness for sins, which became widespread before the Protestant Reformation.
95 Theses
A list of grievances created by Martin Luther against the practices of the Catholic Church.
Catholic Reformation
An initiative by the Catholic Church to address corruption, initiated with the Council of Trent.
Safavid Empire
An empire where Shah Ismail declared it a Shi'a Islamic state, intensifying the split between Sunni and Shi'a Islam.
Sikhism
A syncretic religion that blends Hindu and Islamic doctrines, promoting radical equality and rejecting the caste system.
Religious Warfare
Conflicts often justified by religious differences between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims during this era.
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Flashcard (106)