AP Bio 2.2

Nucleus

CONTROLS ALL CELL ACTIVITY AND HOLDS DNA.
Example: Tells the cell what proteins to make.

Nucleolus

MAKES RIBOSOMES.
Example: Found inside the nucleus.

Mitochondria

CELL'S ENERGY MAKER, MAKES ATP FROM FOOD THROUGH CELLULAR RESPIRATION.
Example: Squiggly inner walls called cristae increase surface area for energy production.

Ribosomes

BUILD PROTEINS USING DNA INSTRUCTIONS.
Example: Can be free in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER.

Chloroplasts

PERFORM PHOTOSYNTHESIS TO TURN SUNLIGHT INTO FOOD.
Example: Contains thylakoids (capture sunlight), grana (stacks of thylakoids), stroma (holds enzymes), and chlorophyll (pigment).

Smooth ER

MAKES FATS AND STEROIDS, NO RIBOSOMES.
Example: Tubular membranes.

Rough ER

MAKES AND FOLDS PROTEINS, COVERED WITH RIBOSOMES.
Example: Flattened sacs attached to nucleus.

Golgi Apparatus

MODIFIES, SORTS, AND PACKAGES PROTEINS AND LIPIDS.
Example: Cis-face receives ER vesicles; trans-face sends out modified molecules in vesicles.

Lysosomes

DIGESTS MACROMOLECULES, CLEARS DAMAGED ORGANELLES, AND DESTROYS BACTERIA/ VIRUSES.
Example: Uses enzymes; also performs autophagy (recycles cell’s own organelles).

Vacuoles

HOLDS WATER, NUTRIENTS, AND WASTE; MAINTAINS TURGOR PRESSURE; BREAKS DOWN WASTE; STORES/NEUTRALIZES HARMFUL SUBSTANCES.
Example: Large central vacuole in plant cells keeps them upright.