Final Review Outline

What is the impact of being an English learner on student achievement?

English learner students struggle the most, reflecting racial gaps in achievement.

Which racial group tends to earn half as many credits as White and Asian students?

Black, Latino, and Native American students earn half as many credits compared to White and Asian students.

What is a significant challenge faced by minority and immigrant students regarding college preparation?

Minority and immigrant students receive less college and test preparation.

What is structural racism?

Structural racism refers to institutional practices and policies that create and maintain racial inequalities, often without intentional racism from individuals.

How do model minority stereotypes affect Asian students' educational experiences?

They create unrealistic academic expectations and overshadow the challenges faced by diverse Asian groups.

What is the misconception about boys' academic performance compared to girls?

While boys may perform better on standardized tests in math and science, girls generally earn better grades across all subjects.

What factors limit the educational opportunities of first-generation college students?

Cultural capital, financial strain, and social isolation significantly hinder their opportunities.

What role does community play in the academic success of immigrant students?

Immigrant students often receive support from their community, which can help them succeed academically.

What is the relationship between poverty and student achievement according to Berliner?

Education reforms alone cannot address inequalities; addressing poverty is crucial for improving student outcomes.

How did the Brown v. Board of Education ruling aim to address segregation?

It declared that racial segregation in schools was unconstitutional, leading to efforts to integrate schools.

What are some of the consequences of educational segregation?

Educational segregation leads to unequal resources, lower-quality education for minority students, and limited opportunities for academic success.

What challenges do undocumented students face in accessing higher education?

Undocumented students often face ineligibility for federal financial aid and fears of deportation, limiting their educational opportunities.

How does gender socialization influence academic performance in schools?

Girls are socialized to please adults and follow rules, while boys may face more pressure to conform to competitive ideals, affecting their performance.

What are the consequences of school choice, particularly regarding charter schools?

While intended to improve education quality, charter schools can exacerbate inequalities by serving mostly disadvantaged students poorly.

What factors contribute to racial disparities in special education identification?

Overrepresentation of Black, Hispanic, and low-income students needing services, while they may be underidentified for conditions like autism.

How does the stereotype threat affect minority students?

Stereotype threat negatively impacts minority students' performance due to anxiety about conforming to negative stereotypes.

What is the concept of 'social reproduction' regarding family background?

Social reproduction refers to how adults often remain in the same socioeconomic status they grew up in, perpetuating inequality.

What are some potential effects of poverty on child achievement according to Duncan?

Reducing poverty can lead to improved achievement, reduced healthcare costs, and increased economic gains from better opportunities.

What statistics show ongoing racial achievement gaps since the 1970s?

While gaps between white and nonwhite students have narrowed, disparities in test scores and college attainment persist.