ANA101 - Integumentary System

_________________ cover body surfaces and line body cavities. It form protective and often lubricating sheets around organs

Body membranes

2 Classifications of body membrane?
1.
2.

1. Epithelial Membrane

2. Connective Tissue Membrane

_______________________ contain epithelial tissue layer and connective tissue layer

1. Cutaneous Membrane
2. Mucous Membrane
3. Serous Membrane

Epithelial Membrane

____________________ contains LOOSE connective tissue only

1. Synovial Membrane

Connective Tissue membrane

What are the 3 membranes under the epithelial membrane?
1.
2.
3.

1. Cutaneous membrane

2. Serous membrane

3. Mucous membrane

___________________ is a DRY membrane. It is the OUTERMOST protective boundary. It is EXPOSED TO AIR. It can be found in the skin.

Construction:
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis

Cutaneous membrane

Epidermis is made of _____________________

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Dermis is made of _____________________

dense conective tissue

__________________ is a MOIST membrane. It lines all body cavities that OPEN TO THE EXTERIOR, such as the hollow organs of respiratory tract, digestive tract, urinary tract, and reproductive tract.

It is adapted for absorption and secretion.

Location: MOUTH AND ESOPHAGUS, DIGESTIVE TRACT

Construction: Epithelium and Lamina propria

Mucous membrane

Mouth and esophagus is made of _______________

stratified squamous epithelium

Digestive tract is made of ______________

simple columnar epithelium

____________________ lines open body cavities that are CLOSED TO THE EXTERIOR of the body. It lines compartment in the ventral body cavity.

Occurs in pairs:
1. Parietal layer
2. Visceral layer

Location:
Peritoneum - abdominal cavity
Pleurae- surrounding the lungs
Pericardia- around the heart

Construction:
1. Simple squamous epithelium
2. Areolar connective tissue

Serous membrane

________________________ lines a specific portion of the wall of the ventral body cavity

________________________ covers the outside of the organ in that cavity

Parietal layer
Visceral layer

___________________ is a thin, clear fluid. It allows the organs to slide easily across the cavity walls without friction or pain

Serous fluid

_________________________ line fibrous capsule surrounding JOINTS. It provides a smooth surface and secrete a lubricating fluid. It cushions organs moving against each other during muscle activity.

Construction: Loose Areolar connective tissue

Synovial membrane

The _____________________ maintains body boundary. It keeps water and other precious molecules in the body while keeping excess water out. it is pliable yet tough.

Integumentary system

What are the 3 skin appendages?
1.
2.
3.

1. Sweat glands

2. Oil glands

3. Hair nails

The integumentary system protects the body from:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

1. mechanical change

2. chemical change

3. thermal change

4. ultraviolet radiation

5. microbes

6. desiccation

What are the different functions of the integumentary system?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

1. Mechanical damage

2. Chemical damage

3. Microbe damage

4. Ultraviolet radiation

5. Thermal damage

6. Desiccation

7. body temperature regulation

8. excretion of urea and uric acid

9. synthesizes vitamin d

What are the 2 kinds of tissue that the skin is composed of?
1.
2.

1. Epidermis

2. Dermis

______________________ anchors the skin to underlying organ. It is not technically part of the integumentary system. It is composed mostly of ADIPOSE TISSUE. It serves as a shock absorber and insulates deeper tissues.

Hypodermis

__________________________ is capable of being hard and tough. It is avascular. It contains keratinocytes. It has 5 layers

Epidermis

________________ is the most common cell in the epidermis

Keratinocytes

What are the 5 layers of the skin?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1. Stratum basale

2. Stratum spinosum

3. Stratum granulosum

4. Stratum lucidum

5. Stratum corneum

____________________ is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It lies next to dermis. Its cells are undergoing MITOSIS. Daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers.

Also known as STRATUM GERMINATIVUM

stratum basale

________________________ are where cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin. Cells become increasingly flatter and more keratinized

Stratum spinosum

_____________________ are where cells are FLATTENED. Organelles are deteriorating. Cytoplasm full of granules

Stratum granulosum

_______________________ are formed from the dead cells of the deeper strata. This is only seen in THICK and HAIRLESS SKIN

Stratum lucidum

__________________________ is the outermost layer. It is 20 to 30 cell layers thick. Have cornified or horny cells. Cells are dead, flat membranous sacs filled with keratin. Glycolipids in extracellular space make skin water resistant

Stratum corneum

Pigment is produced by _________________

melanocytes

___________________ are mostly in the stratum basale of the epidermis.

color is yellow to brown to black

Melanocytes

__________________________ accumulates in membrane-bound granules

Melanosomes

Amount of melanin produced depends upon ___________ and exposure to _____________

genetics
sunlight

____________ and _________________ are seen where melanin is concentrated in one spot

Freckles
Moles

_______________________________ are alert and activate IMMUNE CELLS to a threat(bacterial or viral invasion)

Epidermal dendritic cells

_____________________ are associated with sensory nerve endings. The merkel discs serve as TOUCH RECEPTORS

merkel cells

_________________ underlies the epidermis. It is a dense irregular connective tissue. It contains 2 layers: papillary and reticular layer

Dermis

_______________________ is the upper dermal region. It is responsible for creating our fingerprint or rather the indent in the epidermis above. Fingerprints are identifying films of sweat

Papillary layer

__________________ is the deepest skin layer. It contains blood vessels, sweat and oil galnds

Reticular layer

_____________________ are deep pressure receptors

lamellar corpuscles

What are the 3 pigments that contribute to skin color?
1.
2.
3.

1. Melanin

2. Carotene

3. Hemoglobin

_______________________ are yellow, reddish brown or black. People who produce a lot of melanin have brown skin. People with less melanin are light-skinned

Melanin

______________________ are the orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables. People who eat large amounts of carotene-rich foods tend to have a yellow-orange cast

Carotene

_____________________ is the red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries. Its oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring. In light skinned people, it gives the skin a ROSY GLOW

Hemoglobin

________________ is the skin color that indicates embarrassment, fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy. This is due to VASODILATION

Erythema

_______________is the skin color that indicates emotional stress, anemia, low blood pressure, and impaired blood flow into the area

Pallor

_________________ is the skin color that indicates a skin disorder and shows a yellow cast. Excess bile pigments accumulate in the blood, circulate throughout the body

Jaundice

_____________________ is the skin color that indicates hematomas, deficiency of vitamin c and hemophilia. black and blue

bruises

What are the 2 types of cutaneous glands?
1.
2.

1. Sebaceous oil gland

2. sweat glands

__________________________ is located all over the skin except for palms and soles. It produces sebum. These are activated at puberty. It makes the skin soft and moist, prevents hair from becoming brittle and kills bacteria

Sebaceous glands

______________________ produce sweat and are widely distributed in skin. It has 2 types: Eccrine and aporcrine

Sweat glands

______________________ are composed of stratified cuboidal epithelium. It is open via duct to sweat pore on the skin’s surface. It produces acidic sweat. It functions in BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION

Eccrine glands

____________________ ducts empty hair follicles into armpit and genitals. Begin to function at puberty and releases sweat that also contains fatty acids and proteins. It only plays a MINIMAL role in body temperature regulation

Apocrine

What are the 4 types of skin receptors?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1. Meissner’s corpuscles

2. Free nerve endings

3. Ruffini’s ending

4. Pacinian receptors

5. Krause thermoreceptors

________________________ are LIGHT TOUCH receptors found in the dermal papillae

Meissner’s corpuscles

______________________ are SENSITIVE to painful stimuli, to hot and cold, and to light and touch

free nerve endings

____________________ detect skin stretch and deformations as well as warmth

ruffini’s ending

__________________ detect pressure and vibration by being COMPRESSED

Pacinian receptors

End bulb of ____________________________ detect COLD

Krause thermoreceptors

______________________ is produced by hair follicle.

_________ is ENCLOSED in the follicle
_________ projects form the surface of the scalp or skin

Hair
Root
Shaft

___________________ are responsible for producing pigment for hair color

Melanocytes

_____________________ occur due to the contraction of arrector pili muscle

goosebumps

Hair anatomy

____________ - center
____________ - surrounds the medulla
____________ - most heavily keratinized region of the hair

medulla
Cortex
Cuticle

________________ is composed of an epithelial root sheath and fibrous sheath. Its dermal region provides blood supply to the hair bulb.

Hair follicle

______________________ connects to the hair follicle to pull hairs upright when we are cold or frightened

Arrector pili muscle

___________________ are heavily keratinized, scalelike modifications of the epidermis. The lack of PIGMENT makes nail COLORLESS.

Nails

What are the parts of a nail?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1. Free edge

2. Body

3. root

4. nail folds

5. cuticle

What are the different infections and allergies caused by HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

1. Athlete’s foot

2. Boils and carbuncles

3. Cold sores

4. Contact dermatitis

5. impetigo

6. psoriasis

____________________ is the itchy, red, peeling skin between the toes. It is caused by fungal infection tinea pedis

Athlete’s foot

___________________ is caused by inflammation of hair follicles

boils and carbuncles

______________ are clusters of boils caused by bacteria

carbuncles

__________________ are small fluid-filled blisters that itch and sting. it is caused by human herpesvirus 1

cold sores

__________________ is the itching, redness, and swelling of the skin. It is caused by exposure to chemicals that provoke allergic responses.

Contact dermatitis

__________________ are pink, fluid-filled raised lesions around mouth or nose. It is caused by bacterial infection

Impetigo

______________________ are red epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery scales that itch, burn, crack or sometimes bleed. It is triggered by trauma, infection, hormonal changes or stress

Psoriasis

________________________ are tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals

Burns

What are the classifications of burns according to depth?
1.
2.
3.
4.

1. First degree

2. Second degree

3. Third degree

4. Fourth degree

In _______________________, only superficial epidermis is damaged. The skin is red and swollen. Not usually serious and heals in 2-3 days

SUPERFICIAL

First-degree

In __________________, epidermis and superficial part of the dermis are damaged. The skin is red, painful, and blistered. Regrowth of the epithelium can occur and no permanent scars.

PARTIAL-THICKNESS

Second-degree

In __________________, epidermis and dermis are destroyed. Skin is painless. Skin is blanched or black. It required skin grafts as regeneration is not possible

FULL-THICKNESS

Third degree

In ________________, the burn has extended into deeper tissue such as bone, muscle, or tendons. Appears dry and leathery. Requires surgery and grafting. It also may require amputation

FULL THICKNESS

Fourth degree

____________________ is the most common form of cancer in humans. Its most important risk factor is OVEREXPOSURE TO ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION IN SUNLIGHT AND TANNING BEDS

Skin cancer

2 classifications of cancer:
1.
2.

1. Benign

2. Malignant

What are the 3 common types of skin cancer?
1.
2.
3.

1. Basal cell carcinoma

2. Squamous cell carcinoma

3. Malignant melanoma

_________________ is the least malignant. It is the MOST COMMON TYPE of skin cancer. It arises from cells in stratum basale that are altered so that they can no longer make keratin. The lesions appear as shiny, dome-shaped nodules that develop a central ulcer.

Basal cell carcinoma

_________________ are believed to be induced by UV exposure. It arises from cells of stratum spinosum. Its lesions appear as scaly, reddened papules that gradually form shallow ulcers. Early removal allows a good chance of cure. Metastasizes to lymph nodes of not removed

Squamous cell carcinoma

____________________ is the most deadly of skin cancers, but accounts for only 5% of skin cancers. It arises from melanocytes. Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels

Malignant melanoma

In recognizing melanoma follow the ABCDE
A
B
C
D (larger than 6mm)
E

Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Color
Diameter
Evolution