Honors Bio Exam #5 (Final Exam)

The leaves of flowering plants must acquire carbon dioxide molecules from the environment. Why?

A. To enable cellular respiration to make ATP

B. To enable the Calvin Cycle reactions of photosynthesis to make carbohydrates by converting CO₂ to carbohydrates

C. To make minerals like calcium and sodium

B. To enable the Calvin Cycle reactions of photosynthesis to make carbohydrates by converting CO₂ to carbohydrates

Why do living cells in the roots of flowering plants require a supply of oxygen molecules from the environment?

A. To enable cellular respiration to make ATP

B. To drive the flow of lymph fluid through lymphatic system

C. To make minerals like sodium or potassium

A. To enable cellular respiration to make ATP

Which specialized cells regulate the opening and closing of the stomata in leaves and green stems?

A. Tracheid

B. Vessel elements

C. Guard cells

D. Sieve-tube elements

E. White blood cells

C. Guard cells

Which environmental stimulus induces the stomata in the lead to open?

A. Wind

B. Blue Light

C. Insects

D. High carbon dioxide levels within the leaf

E. All of the above

B. Blue Light

Which stimulus induces the stomata in the leaf to close?

A. No blue light (no sunlight)

B. Water stress

C. High carbon dioxide levels within the leaf

D. Pathogen detection

E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Which structures in the bark enable oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules to diffuse through the bark?

A. Stomata

B. Lenticels

C. Guard cells

D. Sclerenchyma cells (Fibers)

E. Tracheid

B. Lenticels

Which structures in the bark enable the oxygen molecules in the soil to diffuse through the bark to enter the roots?

A. Stomata

B. Lenticels

C. Guard cells

D. Sclerenchyma cells (Fibers)

E. Sieve tube elements

B. Lenticels

Why is it critical for the lenticels on the surface of developing fruit to enable oxygen molecules to diffuse into the fruit?

A. To enable cells to make ATP by cellular respiration

B. To store DNA molecules in the cytosol

C. To make minerals like iron

A. To enable cells to make ATP by cellular respiration

Carbon dioxide molecules have diffused into the leaf through open stomata. What enables these gas molecules to diffuse to all the photosynthetic cells in the leaf?

A. Phloem tissue

B. Xylem tissue

C. Empty spaces between the cells

D. The lymphatic system

C. Empty spaces between the cells

Gamma grass can tolerate drought conditions because their roots grow deep into the soil where water is available. Which tissue enables oxygen molecules to diffuse from the stem into the deep roots?

A. Phloem tissure

B. Xylem tissue

C. Aerenchyma

D. Lenticels

E. Stomata

C. Aerenchyma

In water lilies, oxygen produced in the leaf must diffuse into the submerged stem and roots. Which internal air tubes in the stem enable oxygen to diffuse to the root system?

A. Phloem tissue

B. Stomata

C. Lacunae

D. Lenticels

C. Lacunae

Neurons in the human brain contain receptors for some hormones. This indicates that these hormones can-

A. Affect brain function

B. Affect behavior

C. Affect emotions

D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which part of the human endocrine system enables the target cells in your body to recognize and respond to a hormone?

A. Enzymes

B. Receptors

C. Endocrine glands

D. Lymph vessels

E. All of the above

B. Receptors

Which part of the human endocrine system synthesizes and secretes hormones?

A. Receptors

B. Endocrine glands and endocrine cells

C. Circulatory system

D. Arteries only

E. Venous system

B. Endocrine glands and endocrine cells

The ability of your body to maintain glucose homeostasis in the blood is dependent off specific

A. Hormones

B. Ribozymes

C. Platelets

D. Red blood cells

E. White blood cells

A. Hormones

To facilitate systemic hormone transport, the endocrine glands and endocrine cells in your body are located near the-

A. Skin

B. Mucous membranes

C. Capillary networks (beds)

D. Arteries

E. Veins

C. Capillary networks (beds)

Which type of hormone molecules must be transported by a water-soluble transport protein in the blood stream?

A. Hydrophilic

B. Hydrophobic

C. Water-soluble

D. Negatively-charged

E. Positively-charged

B. Hydrophobic

A target cell in the boy responds to a hydrophobic steroid hormone. Where is the receptor located in the target cell?

A. Within the cell (intercellular)

B. In the cell membrane

C. On the surface of the cell

D. In the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell

A. Within the cell (intercellular)

A target cell in your body responds to the hydrophilic hormone, insulin. Where is the insulin receptor located in the target cell?

A. Within the cell (interacellular)

B. Nucleus

C. In the cell membrane/outer cell surface

D. Blood

E. All of the above

C. In the cell membrane/outer cell surface

What is an example of negative feedback regulation in the human body?

A. A cell self-destructs by apoptosis

B. Insulin secretion stops after proper glucose blood levels are restored

C. Testosterone reduces muscle mass

D. Estrogen reduces muscle mass

B. Insulin secretion stops after proper glucose blood levels are restored

After a meal, the high concentration of glucose molecules in the blood must be reduced to restore homeostasis. Which hormone will be secreted in response to high glucose levels?

A. Estrogen

B. Insulin

C. Glucagon

D. Testosterone

B. Insulin

After exercising, the low concentration of glucose molecules in the blood must be increased to restore homeostasis. Which hormone will be secreted in response to low glucose levels?

A. Estrogen

B. Insulin

C. Glucagon

D. Testosterone

C. Glucagon

The low concentration of calcium ions in the blood must be increased to restore homeostasis. Which hormone will be secreted in response to low calcium levels?

A. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

B. Insulin

C. Glucagon

D. Calcitonin

A. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

The high concentration of calcium ions in the blood must be decreased to restore homeostasis. Which hormone will be secreted in response to high calcium levels?

A. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

B. Insulin

C. Glucagon

D. Calcitonin

D. Calcitonin

All organisms must maintain homeostasis. Which two systems of the human body must interact to enable homeostasis?

A. Oxygen and carbon dioxide

B. Endocrine and nervous systems

C. Facilitated diffusion and active transport

D. Endocytosis and exocytosis

B. Endocrine and nervous systems

The hypothalamus synthesizes the hormones, ADH and oxytocin. Which endocrine gland in the brain stores these hormones?

A. Pineal

B. Posterior pituitary

C. Hypothalamus

D. Anterior pituitary

E. All of the above

E. All of the above

The release f hormones from the anterior pituitary gland is tightly regulated. What produces the regulatory releasing hormones that stimulate hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary?

A. Pineal

B. Posterior pituitary

C. Hypothalamus

D. Thyroid

E. Pancreas

C. Hypothalamus

Which structure in the brain connects the nervous system to the endocrine system by controlling the anterior pituitary gland?

A. Alpha cells

B. Beta cells

C. Hypothalamus

D. Thyroid

E. All of the above

C. Hypothalamus

The maintenance of core body temperature is tightly regulated. Which hormone stimulates an increase in metabolic rate in target cells to increase and restore proper body temperature?

A.TRH

B. ADH

C. Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

D. TSH

E. All of the above

C. Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

In response to a perceived stressor in the environment, the adrenal medulla part of the adrenal glands releases 2 hormones that coordinate the short-term response to stress. These hormones are-

A. Glucagon and insulin

B. Epinephrine and norepinephrine

C. TRH and TS

D. Thyroid hormones and glucagon

B. Epinephrine and norepinephrine

In response to a perceived stressing the environment, the cortex part of the adrenal glands releases 2 hormones that coordinate the long-term response to stress. These hormones are-

A. Glucagon and insulin

B. Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid

C. TRH and TSH

D. Calcitonin and PTH

B. Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid

The stress-related hormone, cortisol, is a glucocorticoid. How can the sustained production of cortisol increase the risk of cancer and infectious disease?

A. It suppresses parts of the immune system

B. It improves the efficiency of the circulatory system

C. It improves gas exchange in the lungs

D. All of the above

A. It suppresses parts of the immune system

Some hormones instruct the hypothalamus to induce the hunger sensation. Which hormone increases appetite?

A. Insulin

B. Ghrelin

C. Leptin

D. PYY

E. PTH

B. Ghrelin

Some hormones instruct the hypothalamus to suppress the hunger sensation. Which hormone reduces appetite?

A. Insulin

B. Ghrelin

C. Orexin

D. NPY

E. Calcitonin

A. Insulin

Breast feeding stimulates the secretion of a hormone from the posterior pituitary gland. Which hormone stimulates smooth muscle contraction to eject milk from the breast?

A. Insulin

B. Oxytocin

C. Orexin

D. ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

E. Angiotensin II

B. Oxytocin

Oxytocin promotes some behaviors that improve parenting. What is the basis of oxytocin’s ability to influence some human behaviors?

A. Thyroid cells have TSH receptors

B. Neurons in the brain have oxytocin receptors

C. Muscle cells have epinephrine receptors

D. All of the above

B. Neurons in the brain have oxytocin receptors

Estrogen coordinated the many processes that make the female body reproductively mature. What is an example of a behavior influenced by estrogen?

A. Increased interest in romance

B. Increased interest in parenting

C. Increased interest in sex

D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Testosterone coordinates the many processes that make the male body reproductively mature. What is an example often anatomical change induced by testosterone?

A. Reduced one length

B. Increased musculature

C. Reduced muscle size

D. Reduced shoulder size

B. Increased musculature

Which hormone does the adipose tissue secrete to suppress appetite after a meal?

A. Leptin

B. Ghrelin

C. Orexin

D. Insulin

E. TRH

A. Leptin

Which hormone does the adipose tissue secrete that can accelerate the onset of puberty in females?

A. Leptin

B. Insulin

C. Estrogen

D. Testosterone

E. PTH

C. Estrogen

Which plant cell would be a target cell for the plant hormone, ethylene?

A. Cell #1 had the ethylene receptor

B. Cell #2 does not have the ethylene receptor

C. Cell #3 has the auxin receptor

D. Cell #4 had the aldosterone receptor

A. Cell #1 had the ethylene receptor

The plant cell synthesizes some hormones in advance and stores them in the vacuole until needed. ow is this beneficial?

A. Increases the time required to respond to the stimulus

B. Increases the energy (ATP) required to synthesize hormone molecules

C. Decreases the time required to respond to the stimulus

C. Decreases the time required to respond to the stimulus

Which structures enable hormone molecules to move among adjacent plant cells?

A. Vessel element

B. Stomata

C. Plasmodesmata

D. Guard Cells

E. Sieve tube element

C. Plasmodesmata

Which vascular tissue enables the transport of hormones made in the root system to target cells int he stem and leaves?

A. Nervous

B. Muscle

C. Xylem

D. Cytoplasmic streaming

E. Plasmodesmata

C. Xylem

Plant cells that are adjacent to one another must exchange hormone molecules to communicate. Which structures connect the cytoplasm of 2 adjacent cells?

A. Plasmodesmata

B. Phloem

C. Xylem

D. Lenticels

E. Stomata

A. Plasmodesmata

Which hormone enables a tree to ensure that its branches are the proper length and width?

A. Abscisic acid

B. Auxin (IAA)

C. Testosterone

D. Ethylene

E. Gibberellic acid

B. Auxin (IAA)

All plants precisely regulate mitotic cell division. Which hormone instructs the adult stem cells in the root to divide?

A. Abscisic acid

B. Auxin (IAA)

C. Cytokinin

D. Ethylene

E. Glucagon

C. Cytokinin

All plants precisely regulate the size of their cells. Which hormone instructs preexisting cells to elongate to increase organ length?

A. Abscisic acid

B. Auxin (IAA)

C. Cytokinin

D. Ethylene

E. Calcitonin

B. Auxin (IAA)

All plants precisely regulate the aging process called senescence. Which hormone stimulates senescence?

A. Insulin

B. Auxin (IAA)

C. Cytokinin

D. Ethylene

E. Gibberellic acid

D. Ethylene

Plants precisely regulate the aging process called senescence. Which hormone delays senescence?

A. Abscisic acid

B. Parathyroid hormone

C. Cytokinin

D. Ethylene

E. Gibberellic acid

C. Cytokinin

Auxin and gibberellic acid regulate some aspects of sexual reproduction. Which reproductive process do they induce?

A. Fruit ripening

B. Senescence (aging)

C. Ovary development into fruit tissue after fertilization

D. All of the above

C. Ovary development into fruit tissue after fertilization

Hormones regulate many aspects of sexual reproduction. Which hormone induces fruit ripening when the seeds in the unripe fruit are mature?

A. Abscisic acid

B. Auxin (IAA)

C. Cytokinin

D. Ethylene

E. Gibberellic acid

D. Ethylene

A seed will not germinate during the cold winter season. Which hormone maintains seed dormancy until the warmer, wetter conditions of spring?

A. Abscisic acid (ABA)

B. Auxin (IAA)

C. Cytokinin

D. Ethylene

E. Gibberellic acid (GA)

A. Abscisic acid (ABA)

A seed recognizes soil temperatures that favor seedling growth. Which hormone will instruct the seed to germinate and the embryo to grow?

A. Abscisic Acid (ABA)

B. Auxin (IAA)

C. Cytokinin

D. Ethylene

E. Gibberellic Acid (GA)

E. Gibberellic Acid (GA)

Receptors in leaf cells detect water stress conditions. Which hormone will instruct the stomata of the leaf to close to conserve water?

A. Abscisic Acid (ABA)

c

A. Abscisic Acid (ABA)

One side of the plant stem detects blue light. Which hormone will cause the stem to bend towards the direction of the blue light?

A. Abscisic Acid (ABA)

B. Auxin (IAA)

C. Cytokinin

D. Ethylene

E. Gibberellic Acid (GA)

B. Auxin (IAA)

The mutant fruit of the Thompson grape variety does not produce seeds. Which hormone is applied to the fruit to increase their size?

A. Abscisic Acid (ABA)

B. Auxin (IAA)

C. Cytokinin

D. Ethylene

E. Gibberellic Acid (GA)

Fresh market tomatoes are harvested when they are unripe, green, and firm. Which hormone is applied to the unripe tomatoes to stimulate the ripening process?

A. Abscisic Acid (ABA)

B. Auxin (IAA)

C. Cytokinin

D. Ethylene

E. Gibberellic acid (GA)

D. Ethylene

Chemical regulators control the immune system. This group of chemical regulators is-

A. Insulin

B. Glucagon

C. Cytokines

D. PTH

E. None of the above

C. Cytokines

Human skin has many defensive characteristics. The skin’s many defensive properties do not include-

A. Abundant food supply on its surface

B. Dry surface

C. Acidic surface

D. Its frequent shedding and replacement

E. None of the above

A. Abundant food supply on its surface

Human mucous membranes have many defensive characteristics. Their many defensive properties do not include-

A. Mucin glycoproteins

B. Anti-microbial proteins and enzymes

C. White blood cells

D. Auxin and cytokinin

E. All of the above

D. Auxin and cytokinin

Why is there such an extensive immune system presence in your digestive system?

A. Food never contains microbes

B. The immune system digests food molecules

C. Food and drink can contain harmful abiotic and biotic substances

D. All of the above

C. Food and drink can contain harmful abiotic and biotic substances

Which type of cytokines induce fever in response to pathogen detection?

A. Calcitonin

B. Pyrogens

C. ADH

D. Glucagon

E. TSH

B. Pyrogens

How does fever limit the reproduction of pathogens invading the body?

A. Denatures pathogen proteins

B. Deprives microbes of iron

C. Stimulates pathogen phagocytosis by phagocytes

D. All of the above

D. All of the above

How does fever reduce the level of tissue injury due to infection?

A. Increase synthesis of the protective heat shock proteins

B. Increase iron levels in the blood

C. Reduce core body temperature

D. All of the above

A. Increase synthesis of the protective heat shock proteins

Phagocytes are the white blood cellsof the innate immune system. What is the source of new phagocytes?

A. Red blood cells

B. Adult stem cells in bone marrow

C. Muscle cells

D. Pancreas

E. Beta cells

B. Adult stem cells in bone marrow

The most common type of phagocyte rapidly migrates to thesites of infection to eliminate the invadors. These phagocytes are-

A. Basophils

B. Eosinophils

C. Mas cells

D. Neutrophils

E. Guard cells

D. Neutrophils

Macrophages are phagocytes that perform many functions. Their many functions do not include-

A. Alerting the immune system of an invasion

B. Antibody secretion

C. Scavenging and eliminating cellular debris

D. Coordinating tissue repair

B. Antibody secretion

Phagocytes must recognize molecules that bacteria produce to neutralize bacteria. How do they recognize the molecules produced exclusively by bacteria?

A. TSH receptors

B. Pattern recognition receptors (PRR)

C. Estrogen receptors

D. Riboswitches

E. All of the above

B. Pattern recognition receptors (PRR)

The pattern recognition receptors that the phagocytes produce do not recognize human molecules. Why?

A. To maintain core body temperature

B. To avoid destroying healthy human cells and tissues

C. To maintain calcium homeostasis in the blood

D. All of the above

B. To avoid destroying healthy human cells and tissues

Natural killer (NK) cells recognize and destroy cancerous human cells and infected human cells. How do they eliminate these harmful human cells?

A. TSH receptros

B. Pattern recognition receptors

C. Estrogen receptors

D. Induce apoptosis

E. Induce fever

D. Induce apoptosis

When the pattern recognition receptors of the mas cells bind to the PAMPS or DAMPS, they induce inflammation int he injured/infected tissues. Which cytokine do the mast cells release to induce inflammation?

A. Estrogen

B. Histamine

C. ADH

D. TRH

E. Angiotensin 2

B. Histamine

Inflammation results in the delivery of growth factors to the inflamed tissue. Why?

A. Stimulate blood clotting

B. Stimulate pathogen reproduction

C. Stimulate adult stem cell division and tissue repair

D. Prevent blood clotting

C. Stimulate adult stem cell division and tissue repair

Inflammation has eliminated the foreign invaders and initiated tissue repair. Inflammation must-

A. Continue

B. Increase

C. Deactivate

D. Form more blood clots

E. All of the above

C. Deactivate

The complement system disables the cell membrane of foreign invaders. How?

A. Body temperature increase

B. Membrane attack complex formation

C. Iron levels in the blood increase

D. Body temperature decrease

B. Membrane attack complex formation