(4) RHIST - The Philippines during Spanish Colonization

Colonialism

This refers to a control by one power over a dependent area or people.

legal and religious

Colonial powers justified their conquests by claiming they had a ______ and ______ obligation to control the land and culture of Indigenous people.

True

TRUE or FALSE

Conquering nation-states justified their conquests by claiming they were "civilizing" the native populations.

spices

These items held immense economic value, effectively serving as the "epicenter of the world economy".

Age of Discovery

The early 16th century was characterized by an intense period of European expansion, mainly between Portugal and Spain, often termed the __________.

Treaty of Tordesillas

The pivotal agreement between Spain (Castile and Aragon) and Portugal wherein Spain was granted rights to claim lands to the west of this line, and Portugal to the east, to avoid conflicts over newly discovered territories.

Ferdinand Magellan

He served for 8 years in several colonizing activities, presented his proposals for a westward voyage to the Spice Islands

Because King Manuel I of Portugal rejected his proposals for a westward voyage to the Spice Islands several times.

Why did Magellan renounce his Portuguese nationality and relocated to Spain?

Spanish Crown under King Charles I

Who funded Armada de Molucca?

Ruy Lopez de Villalobos

He began his expedition to the Philippines on November 1, 1542, and arrived in Tandaya (now called Leyte) on February 2, 1543.

Tandaya

Villalobos arrived in _____, a place now called Leyte.

Felipinas

Villalobos bestowed upon these islands the name "_______" in honor of the Crown Prince, Don Felipe of Spain

Las Islas Filipinas

Felipinas was initially meant for Leyte, but was later extended to the entire archipelago as _______.

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

He was the first Governor-General of the Philippines by royal decree, who governed from Manila, organizing the colony's administration and fostering trade links with Mexico via the Manila Galleon trade.

Samar

In his expedition to the Philippines, Legazpi landed in _____ and adopted a strategy of diplomacy over brute force, a choice that set him apart as a conqueror.

Villa Santísimo Nombre de Jesús (Town of the Most Holy Name of Jesus)

Legazpi established the first Spanish settlement in Cebu, naming it __________. This foothold, though modest, was a stepping stone to greater control.

Rajah Sulayman and Rajah Matanda

In 1570, Legazpi defeated these two Datos and took control of Manila. Who were these Datos?

"Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad de Manila" (Distinguished and Ever Loyal City of Manila)

Legazpi proclaimed Manila the capital of the Spanish East Indies, naming it ________. This act solidified Spanish rule and laid the foundation for over three centuries of colonial governance.

San Agustín Church in Intramuros

As he died due to heart failure, where was Legazpi buried which remains a historical landmark?

Peninsular

Insular

Principalia

Mestizos

Ilustrados

Indio

Chino Infiel

What are the status in the Spanish Caste System?

Peninsular

Pure-blooded Spaniards born in Spain

Insular

Pure-blooded Spaniards born in the Philippines

Mestizos (Spanish or Chinese Mestizo)

Born of mixed parentage, either:

A. one parent is Spanish, the other is a native; or

B. one parent is Chinese, the other is a native

Principalia

Wealthy pure-blooded native supposedly descended from the kadatoan class.

Ilustrados

Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial period.

Indio

Pure-blooded native of the Philippines

Chino Infiel

Non-Catholic pure-blooded Chinese

The Spaniards increasingly relied on race to assert their dominance. They used racial hierarchy to justify their superiority and deny social recognition to the rising principalia and mestizos.

After losing economic power, what did the Spaniards use to maintain their dominance over the native and mestizo populations?

Encomienda

This was a system where Spanish colonizers were granted the legal right or ownership of a piece of land as granted by the King of Spain.

Encomenderos

Term referring to landlords who were tasked to provide military protection to their laborers and offer them the opportunity to be converted to Christians.

Taxes

These were imposed to support the Spanish colony.

Tithe!!!!!!!!

Direct taxation which uses 10% of an individual's annual income.

Sanctorum

Money paid to support the Catholic Church.

Tribute or Buwis

tax or rent given to encomendero by a resident under him

Bandala

annual enforced sale and requisitioning of goods

Cedula

Tribute or buwis was then replaced by _____ which served as personal identification. Failure to show this receipt will result to summary arrest.

Narciso Claveria

He is the one who urged the people in the colony to adopt surnames

catalogos de apellidos

With the ________ drawn up, Claveria gave people surnames and forbade them to change them at will.

cedula personal

People should also have a _______ bearing one's name and residence as one of their surveillance mechanism carried out by the guardia civil.

Galleon Trade

It was also known as the Manila Galleon Trade, which operated for 250 years, connecting Manila, Philippines to Acapulco, Mexico.

Jose Basco y Vargas

The 53rd Governor-General of the Philippines that established major economic reforms in the Philippines intended to free the country from Mexican and Chinese trade dependence.

Economic Society of Friends of the Country

This was an economic reform established by Vargas which gave incentives to farmers for planting cotton, spices, and sugarcane; encouraged miners to extract gold, silver, tin, and copper; and rewarded investors for scientific discoveries they made.

Tobacco Monopoly

Vargas layed the groundwork for the massive growth of agricultural exports, which led to the creation of the ________.

Mexico

The Philippines was indirectly governed by the King of Spain through _______.

Spain

When Mexico obtained its freedom from Spain, Philippines was then ruled directly by _____.

governadorcillo

The barangays were consolidated into towns or pueblos headed by the _________ (little Governor) or capitan.

governor

Towns into provinces headed by a ________ who represented the Governor General in the province.

Alcalde Mayor

Provincias (provinces) headed by the ________.

Alcaldes

Cabildos (cities) headed by 2 ________

Cabeza de Barangay

Barrios (barangays) headed by _______