Marine Bio Exam 2

Phylum Ciliophora

single celled with rows of cilia, common and feed on bacteria and smaller phytoplankton (algae), mixotrophic

Phylum Foraminifera

small (

Phylum Radiolaria

spiky sketetons made of silica, occurs singly or as a colony, shells sink to form radiolarian ooze

Globigerina ooze

collected deposit of foraminifera calcium carbonate shells

radiolarian ooze

collected deposit of rodiolaria silica skeletons

pteropod ooze

collected deposit of pteropoda aragonite shells

Phylum Chaetognatha

transluscent, mostly planktonic and exclusivly marine organism mm-10cm in length, feed on other planktonic organisms and are hermaphroditic. “arrow worms”

Phylum Mollusca

Planktonic snails which swim via lateral projectons on their feet, suspension feed or are carnivorous depending on the species

tetrodotoxin

found within the venom of Chaetognatha organisms

Sea butterfly

Mollusca pteropoda with aragonite shells which filter feed using a mucous mesh net, sink to form pteropod ooze

Sea angel

Mollusca pteropoda with no shells and are sea butterfly predators

Cladocera

Under the phylum Crustacea and class Branchiopoda;

have carapace, swim using antennae and exhibit paedogenesis and parthenogenesis

Copepods

Under the phylum Crustacea and class Maxillopoda

three types: Calanoida, Cyclopoida, and Harpacticoida

Swim with rhythmic strokes of last five appendages and have a medial naulipar eye (cyclops), dominant consumers of phytoplankton and have more combined biomass than any other zooplankton

Ostracods (seed shrimp)

Under the phylum Crustacea and class Maxillopoda

have two shells like bivalves, benthic and planktonic organism with a rich fossil record

Barnacles

Under the phylum Crustacea and class Maxillopoda

sessile filter feeders as adults and planktonic for first two stages of life (cryptid swimmer and Nauplius larva stages)

Amphipodia

Under the phylum Crustacea

shrimplike lack carapace and are flattened side to side (laterally compressed), can be epibenthic (found in surface sediment) or planktonic

Themisto spp

predatory amphipods who are visual predators and hunt in large swarms for fish, squid, and marine mammals

Krill

Under the phylum Crustacea and order Euphausiacae

have a chitinous exoskeleton which is transparent in most species, travel in swarms so dense they can be seen from space (contains billions of individuals)

\-make body fluids less dense than water by replacing ions with lighter ones and incorporating oils/fats into tissues

\-have gas vacuoles to adjust buoyancy

plankton strategies to avoid sinking

* spines


* feathery projections
* large surface are to volume ratio

\

plankton strategies to increase resistance

* active swimming
* flagella

plankton strategies to avoid sinking

* biramous appendages
* compound eyes
* 2 pair attennae
* mandibles
* maxillae

What features do all crustaceans share?

* cyclomorphosis
* transparency
* jump reactions
* dead man responses

plaktonic strategies to avoid predation

cyclomorphosis

seasonal morphological inducile defenses to avoid invertebrate predators, spine vs helmet forms

dead man responses

stopping all activity and slowly sinking

jump reactions

flexing 1st antennae to achieve burst of speed

Hydrozoa

under the phylum Cnidaria

Characterized by their lifestyle of larvae→polyp→hydromedusae, example being Portugese Man of Wars which are very common siphonophore hydrozoans

Scyphozoa

under the phylum Cnidaria

“true” jellyfish containing rhopalium and which consume zooplankton, small fish and other jellied while being consumed by fish and sea turtles

Anthozoa

under the phylum Cnidaria

coral, sea anemones, and sea fans

Cubozoa

under the phylum Cnidaria

box jellies; strong swimmers and visual predators whose venom can be fatal to humans

Phylum Cnidaria

have two body forms (polyp and medusae) and have nematocysts

Polyp

body form of Cnidarians characterised by their connection to a substrate and a mouth with tentacles around it

Medusae

body form of Cnidarians characterised by their freefloating nature with a mouth, radial canal, and tentacles (think normal jelly fish)

Nematocysts

stinging cells found in the tentacles of Cnidarians

siphonophores

planktonic, colonial hydrozoans

rhopalium

sensory ‘organ’ (more like a pit)

statocysts

components of Scyphozoans which allow for balance

Phylum Ctenophora

comb jellies; small with 8 lobes and 8 rows of cilia (comb rows) that are predatory and contain no nematocysts but have sticky colloblasts

colloblasts

adhesive cells which help tentacles climb to prey

* ocean warming/climate change
* overfishing disrupting food webs
* eutrophication and dead zones
* introduction to new areas

Factors that increase frequency of jelly fish blooms

jelly carbon shunt

Effect of jelly fish blooms on food webs, hypotetical changes in carbon pathways within planktonic food webs where most carbon is going through jellyfish instead of other organisms

Ascidiacea

Under the phylum Tunicata

sea squirts; larval form like a tadpole, adult is sessile filter feeder

Thaliaceans

Under the phylum Tunicata

includes pyrosomes, doliolids, and salps; planktonic with limited locomotory ability. Have gelatinous bodies and are filter feeders

Salps

Type of Thaliacean that can be solitary or colonial, propelled by muscular contractions of body wall. Found from tropics to polar waters

Doliolids

Tiny, barrel shaped, filter feeding Thaliaceans

Marine snow

important carbon source for deep sea life made from the particles that mucous nets capture

Scleractinia

under the phylum Cnidaria

True coral, stony coral; secretes a calcium carbonate skeleton and is composed of colonial polyps connected by living tissue. Mostly feeds on zooplankton via nematocysts

Zooxanthellae symbionts

dinoflagellates that live intracellularly in endoderm and contribute photosynthesis, receives nutrients and protection from coral. Evolved together as a unit (holobiont)

holobiont

assemblage of a host and the many other species living in or around it

why coral reef distribution is dependent on temperature

due to symbionts and calcium carbonate chemisty

* fringing
* barrier
* atoll

Types of coral reefs

fringing reef formation

as a landmass sinks the reef immediately surrounding it moves higher

barrier reef formation

as a landmass sinks the reef surrounding it moves higher as a lagoon forms between the reef and the land

atoll formation

landmass completely sinks leaving behind what at one point was a barrier or fringing reef

lagoon

body of water protected from a larger body of water by a geological formation

back reef

shallow lagoon between shore and coral reef

reef crest

highest point of a reef

buttress zone

rugged area of spurs or buttresses radiating out of the ocean side of a reef that disperses wave energy

coraline algae

main component of algal crest adapted to areas of strong wave action, crust-like non-branching form acts to cement coral fragments together, looks like a piece of concrete

branching coral

grow in linear dimension fairly rapidly 10cm per year

massive coral

produce lots of calcium carbonate but grows more slowly, about 1cm per year

elkhorn coral

fast growing in areas of high wave action, large surface area like an elkhorn

staghorn coral

branching, fast growing coral, slinder like deer horn

digitate corals

finger-like, extending upwards without branches

plate corals

fragile, fast-growing coral with a large surface area maximizing sunlight exposure; table coral tops and foliate stocks

Coral Growth Forms

Branching and Massive Coral

* primary producers
* herbivores
* corallivores
* piscivores

trophic levels of coral reef communities

primary producers

zooxanthellae, macroalgae, seagrass, and phytoplankton in coral reefs

herbivores

fish and sea urchins in coral reefs

corallivores

eight banded butterflyfish, crown of thorns, Drupella snails in coral reefs

piscivores

birds and snakes in coral reefs

trophic cascade

the removal of one organism in an ecosystem which adversely affects the rest of the ecosystems (parrotfish in coral reefs)

Coral bleaching

loss of symbiotic dinoflagellates in coral

causes of coral bleaching

stress due to rising temperatures and pollution

threats to coral reefs

* pollution
* over-fishing
* bleaching
* ocean acidification

Nutrient runoff

excess nutrients from this can fuel algae growth, overgrowing the corals

sediments

these can be heavy and overwhelm corals while also altering bacterial communities in the water affecting disease resistance

yellow band disease

infects symbiotic algae turning it yellow, caused by bacteria and targets species of star coral

white pox disease

creates white blotches on coral by killing the living coral tissue and revealing the coral’s white calcium carbonate skeleton underneath, linked to human wastewater

sea fan lesions

lesions are active zones of anti-fungal chemical defense

stony coral tissue loss disease

white spots on coral reveal that its tissue is dying, originating from Florida Keys

Phylum porifera

sponges, ‘simplest animals’ with no real symmetry and no distinct tissues and two layers of cells (outer epitherlial cells with pores and inner collar cells or choanocytes)

choanocytes

flagellated cell with a collar of protoplasm at the base of the flagellum

Phylum Nematodes

Roundworms, remember Dr. Duerr’s class

Phylum Nemertea

Ribbon worms; free living with barbed proboscis for killing prey

Phylum Ecdysozoans

penis worms

Phylum Tardigrada

water bears

Acoelomate Worms

flatworms, flat body structure

Pseudocoelomate Worms

Nematodes and Nemerteans, rounded body structure

Coelomates

Annelids (also molluscs), rounded, segmented body structure

ectoderm

outer layer of tissues

endoderm

inner layer of tissues

mesoderm

middle layer of tissues, may differentiate into organs

Phylum Platyhelminthes

phylum for flatworms

Turbellaria

under the phylum Platyhelminthes

free-living flatworms

Trematoda

under the phylum Platyhelminthes

parasitic flukes

Cestoda

under the phylum Platyhelminthes

parasitic tapeworms

fluke lifecycle

* eggs released into human lungs
* released in feces
* eaten by zooplankton in water
* works way up the food chain
* eaten by humans seafood

tapeworm lifecycle

from digestive system to digestive system around the food chain

parasitism adaptations

* high rate of reproduction
* reduction of organ systems
* hooks and suckers
* intermediate hosts
* protective cuticle