BIO 103 Exam #1 Review

What characteristics do plants share with other organisms?

Growth,Reproduction,Heredity,Cellular Organization

What makes plants unique from other organisms?

Many plants are autotrophs (Make their own food)

Organs

Roots, Stems, and Leaves

Fucntion of the roots

Anchor plants and collect water

Function of the Stems

Support

Function of the Leaves

Photosynthesis

Tissues

Epidermis, Vascular,

What is included in the epidermis?

Outer protective layer, cuticle, stomata

What is included in vascular tissue?

Xylem and Phoelem

What is the function of the cuticle?

Prevents water loss

What is the function of the stomata?

Gas exchange

What is the function of the xylem?

Water and mineral transport

What is the function of the phoelem?

Sugar Transport

What are the types of meristems?

Apical and lateral

Location and functions of apical meristems

Tips of roots and shoots; primary growth in length

Function of lateral meristems

Secondary growth in width

What are polymers composed of?

Monomers

What are some types of organic molecules?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

What are examples of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, polysaccharides

What are some examples of monosaccharides?

Glucose and fructose

What are some examples of disaccharides?

Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose)

What are some examples of polysaccharides?

Starch and cellulose

What is the function of starch?

Long term energy storage

What is the function of cellulose?

Structural component of cell wall

What are some examples of lipids?

Waxes and phospholipids

What are the functions of waxes?

Found on surface of leaves and stems; prevents water loss

What are the functions of phospholipids?

Important components of membranes

What are proteins?

Polymers composed of amino acids

Facts about amino acids

there are 20 different types; joined by covalent peptide bond

What do amino acid properties depend on?

R Group (Electric charge and polarity)

Primary Structure

Straight line of proteins

Secondary Structure

The straight line of proteins has begun to twirl itself

Tertiary Structure

Thick and twirly looking (Polypeptide chain)

Quartenary Structure

Multiple tertiary structures together

Functions of enzymes

Takes a substrate and breaks them apart or can take two substrates and put them together

What do enzymes do in terms of activation energy?

They lower it

What are nucleic acids?

Polymers composed of nucleotides

What does DNA have?

deoxyribose

What does RNA have?

ribose

What are the acids with DNA?

Adenine,Guanine,Cytosine, Thymine

What are the acids in RNA?

Adenine, Guanine, Uracil,Cytosine

What is ATP?

Energy carrier; not part of a polymer

What does ATP have that ADP does not?

Water

What does ADP have that ATP does not?

Starts with one less P but ends with a P and energy

What are secondary metabolites?

Not produced by all plants; not completely essential

What is the function of secondary metabolites?

Defense against herbivores and microbes

What does the plasma membrane do?

Regulates movement of substances into and out of cell

What is the plasma membrane composed of?

Phospholipids arranged in two layers, with proteins interspersed throughout

Fluid Mosaic Model

Plasma membrane is a dynamic structure

What are plasmodesmata?

Cytoplasmic strands that extend between cells through connections in the plasma membrane

What types of cell walls are there?

Primary and Secondary

What can the primary cell wall do?

Stretch as the cell grows

When is the secondary cell wall made?

After the primary cell wall

Others ideas about the secondary cell wall

Too rigid to stretch, only made after cell has finished expanding

What is the nucleus?

Contains DNA and has two membrance (Nuclear envelope)

What do the pores in the nuclear envelope do?

Permits only certain kinds of molecules to pass between nucleus and cytoplasm

Diploid Cells

Somatic Cells (2n)

Haploid Cells

Gamete cells (n)

What is the function of chloroplasts?

Absorb light for photosynthesis and cause the green color

Examples of other plastids

Chromoplasts and Leucoplasts

Chromoplasts

Synthesize and accumulate carotenoids (yellow, orange, red)

Leucoplasts

Colorless, may synthesize starches

Where does cellular respiration occur?

In the mitochondria

How many membranes is the mitochondria bound by?

Two

Cristae

Inward membrane causes numerous folds

What is the point of cristae?

Increases surface area available to enzymes in the matrix

What does the matrix also include?

RNA and DNA

What is the function of a vacuole?

storage

What are the stages of mitosis?

Prophase, Anaphase, Metaphase, Telophase

Prophase

Condense

Metaphase

Align

Anaphase

Separate

Telophase

De-condense

Phragmoplast (Cell Plate)

Made of microtubes and ER and develops between daughter cell nuclei

What else happens during the cell plate formation?

Microtubules trap vesicles, vesicles fuse to form new plate, cell plate becomes the new cell wall for the daughter cells

What forms the plasmodesmata?

Portions of the ER are trapped between vesicles

What does pressure driven bulk flow do?

Long distance sugar transport via phoelem

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

What does rate of diffusion depend on?

Pressure, temperature, and density of medium

What membranes do plant cell have?

Semi-permeable membranes

What is a semi-permeable membrane?

Different substances diffuse at different rates

Diffusion

Higher to lower concentration; refers to movement of solvent and solutes

Osmosis

higher to lower, across semi-permeable membrane; refers to movement of solvent (water)

Osmosis Diagram

Water moves across a semi-permeable membrane of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration

Turgor Pressure

The pressure inside of a cell as a cell pushes itself against the cell wall.

What happens when the solute concentratrion is higher inside the cell?

The cell becomes filled and appears plump

What happens when the solute concentration is higher outside the cell?

The cell becomes shriveled to the point of no recovery

Active Transport

Moves against the concentration gradient (Lower to higher concentration)

What does active transport require?

Energy

Vesicle Trafficking

Transport of larger molecules such as proteins and polysaccharides

Secretion/Exocytosis

Transport out

Endocytosis

Transport in

Hormones

chemical signal; made in one cell, cause an effect in another cell; can move long distance through plant

Apoplast

the intracellular space filled with gas and water, contained between cell membranes

Symplast

the protoplasts present in plants, which are interconnected by the plasmodesmata

What are the three steps of hormone transport?

Reception, Transduction, and Induction

Different types of protein transport

Carrier protein, channel protein, and the pump (active transport)

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed (Mechanical to heat) (Chemical to heat)

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Final potential energy is less than intial potential energy assuming no energy has been added to the system

Potential Energy

an object or system that has the potential to do work