Unit One Exam-science

The most common rock type in Earth's crust is

igneous

About how many minerals are common in Earth's crust?

20

Which igneous rock has the same chemical composition as basalt, but a different grain size?

Gabbro

Granite and basalt are different because of their rate of cooling when they formed.

false

The rock named schist has more foliation than the rock named slate.

True

The formation of which of the following rocks helps remove CO2 from the atmosphere?

Limestone

Which of the following is not an example of a silicate mineral?limestone,quartz,hornblende,feldspar

Limestone

Igneous rocks that formed by cooling slowly from a molten magma will have

coarse grains

The rock cycle is a concept that predicts which of the following will undergo ongoing, constant change?

Metamorphic,igneous,sedimentary

Which of the following does not belong with the others? Hornblende,feldspar,white mica, quartz

hornblende

The various sedimentary rocks such as conglomerate and sandstone are identified by

particle size

Sandstone is sand that has been consolidated into a solid mass.

True

The elements that occur most frequently in minerals found in the crust are

silicon and oxygen

Very rapid cooling of magma produces glass rather than a mineral.

True

According to Bowen's reaction series, which mineral crystallizes at the lowest temperature?

Quartz

Molten rock material from which minerals can crystallize is called magma.

True

Sedimentary rocks were formed from particles or dissolved materials from older rocks.

True

Which of the following does not belong with the others? Gypsum,quartzite,schist,marble

gypsum

It is believed that at one time all rocks of Earth were

igneous

Fine-grained igneous rocks formed as magma cooled slowly.

False

If the mass of an object is 10 grams and the volume is 5 ml, what is the density of the object? Don't include units.

2

Quartz is a mineral

true

A sample is a mineral because

it has a chemical composition or recipe that is identical from one mineral sample to another

A mineral has what

chemical structure or blueprint that the elements must follow that may give it a particular crystalline shape

Is concrete a mineral

no it is a byproduct of man

Is a pearl a mineral

no because is organic meaning it produced by a living organism

Is granite a mineral

False it does not follow a recipe

Ferromagnesiums contain silicates and

iron which makes sit density higher

ferromagnisums will —- to the lower portion of the rock sample

sink

Differentiation

occurs when the material is in liquid state or is melted

If the formation occurred during the formation of the earth two melting would occurred on due to pressure of gravity or kinetic energy —-- and the other is due to radioactive —--

bombardment, decay

Rock fragments frozen in moving glacier ice polish and scratch rocks at the base and on the walls of the glacier. This process is called

abrasion

The transverse (or S-waves) travel through Earth’s crust more rapidly than do the compressional P waves

False

The process if deformation that changes the earth’s surface is called

diastrophism

Earthquakes that occur at the boundary between two tectonic plates moving against each other along

short segments of the boundary at different times

Rocks that formed from molten material

igneous rocks

A force that compresses,pulls apart, or deforms rock is called

stress

Whether a rock layer subjected to stress undergo elastic deformation,plastic deformation, or rupture depends on

the confining pressure on the rock, how quickly or how slowly the stress is applied over time, and the temperature of the rock

Which type of plate boundary was responsible for the formation of the Japanese Islands

ocean to ocean convergence

Which of the following is not a type of plate boundary?reverse,divergent,convergent,transform

reverse

The color of a mineral when it is finely powdered is defined as the

streak

An island arc is most likely to be found on which boundary

convergent

If the volume of a gas was held constant and the mass was doubled, the density would

increase

The most abundant extrusive rock is

basalt

An intrusive igneous rock will have which type of texture

coarse-grained

A batholith is a

large body of intrusive rock

The process of peeling off layers of rock, reducing the pressure on the rock’s surface

exfoliation

A rock might be metamorphic rock if it has

a composition consisting of more than two minerals

A crack in the earth’s crust along which movement has taken place

a fault

Earthquakes P waves

are longitudinal vibrations like sound waves

The ocean floor near a mid ocean ridge has stips of alternate

From seismological data, earth s shadow zone indicates that part of the earth s interior must be

liquid

Which of the following formed from previously existing rocks? Igneous rocks,metamorphic, sedimentary rocks

all of the above

The actual place where seismic waves originate is the earthquake

focus

Earthquakes are detected and measured by

seismograph

Accumulations of silt, sand, or other materials that settle out of water

sediments

The oceanic crust

thinner than the continental crust

Foliation is found in

metamorphic rocks

Earthed is considered to have formed about

4.6 billion years ago in a rotating disk of particles and grains that condensed around a central protosun.

The condensed rock,iron, and mineral grains were pulled together by

gravity

The buoyant force that makes isostatic adjustment possible comes from

pressure differences on the top and bottom of an object in a fluid

The premise that the present is the key to understanding the past

principle of uniformity

Hutton observed that rocks, rock structures, and features of the earth are all related. This relationship is called

principle of uniformity

The majority of surface rocks are

sedimentary

Igneous rocks are classified according to their combination of chemical compositions and what else

texture

Which element is the most abundant in the earth's crust

oxygen

The asthenosphere is not defined as which of the following?plastic,elastic,mobile.solid

solid

Correct order encompassing theory to the lowest sub theories within the larger theory

plate tectonics,continental drift, sea floor spreading

The soil called loam is

equal amounts of sand,clay, and humus

The one group that is not a subgroup of the silicate minerals is?clay minerals,plastic silicates,non-ferromagnesian,ferromagnesian

plastic silicates

The early earth’s core is thought to have formed from the

gravitational pull of heavier materials to the center of the earth

The hardness of a mineral is rated using the

Mohs scale

The majority of earthquakes(85 percent)

shallow focus

The specific gravity of a mineral depends on the

manner in which the atoms are packed in the crystal lattice and the amount of the mineral

The crust is a thin layer of granite rock that makes up the continents and ocean basins

false

The P wave arrived at 7:14.2 and the S wave arrived at 7:17.4 what is the time lag in minutes to calculate the distance to the earthquake

3.2

The presence if an oceanic trench, a chain of volcanic mountains along the continental edge, and deep-seated earthquakes is a characteristic of a

ocean-continent plate convergence

Small changes that result in the breaking up,crumbling, and destruction of any kind of rock are

weathering

The principle of uniformity states that past geologic processes were very much similar to those of the present

true

Which major kind of rock,based on the way they formed, would you expect to find the most in the earth’s crust

sedimentary

Rocks recover their original shape after strain is released. This type of strain is called elastic strain

The point on the earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake is called

epicenter

Islands that form when melted subducted material rises through the plates above sea level are called

arc islands

A mineral made up which type of bond would you expect to cleave

both ionic and covalent bonds

The ongoing occurrence of earthquakes without seafloor spreading, oceanic trenches, or volcanoes is most characteristic of a

transform boundary between plates

Which of the following is not a mountain building mechanism?reverse-slip,fold,volcanic,fault-block

reverse slip

The evidence that the earth’s core is part liquid or acts like liquid comes from,s wave shadow zone, p wave shadow zone,meteorites

s-wave shadow zone

The reason why the earth’s core is believed to be largely molten iron include

relative abundance of iron in the universe,density of iron,electrical conductivity of iron

Records of the strength and directions of the earth's magnetic field are found in

igneous rocks

Soil creep is a very slow landslide

true

The removal of older crust from the surface of the earth is accomplished by

subduction

The separation of materials that gave the earth its layers interior is called

differentiation

P waves travel through both liquid and solid, but s waves cannot travel through liquid

true

The classification of rocks is based on

how they were formed

A famous transform boundary in the United States is the

San Andreas Fault

The breaking up,crumbling,chemical decomposition, and destruction of rocks at or near the earth’s surface is called

weathering

The mantle is largely composed of ferromagnesian minerals such as olivine

true

Fluorite is a mineral that floats in liquid mercury. The specific gravity of fluorite must be

less than the specific gravity of mercury

The most useful clue to the identity of a mineral is its

crystal structure

Silicate minerals make up nearly a quarter of the minerals in earth’s crust

false