Ap Gov unit 3

Civil liberties

Individual rights protected from government interference.

Writ of habeas corpus

Legal order to bring a person in custody before a court.

Self-incrimination

Exposing oneself to prosecution by providing information.

Double Jeopardy

Prohibits being tried twice for the same crime.

Symbolic speech

Nonverbal actions that express ideas, protected as free speech.

Establishment clause

Prohibits government from establishing an official religion.

Free exercise clause

Protects individuals' rights to practice their religion.

Prior restraint

Government action prohibiting speech before it occurs.

Substantive due process

Protects fundamental rights from government interference.

Procedural due process

Ensures fair procedures when government burdens individuals.

Miranda v Arizona

Requires individuals to be informed of their rights.

Civil rights

Rights to equal treatment under the law.

Equal protection clause

Requires individuals be treated equally by law.

Affirmative action

Policies aimed at increasing representation of marginalized groups.

Exclusionary rule

Prohibits use of evidence obtained in violation of rights.

14th amendment

Grants citizenship and equal protection under the law.

Class action suit

Legal action by a group with similar grievances.

Right to privacy

Individuals have a personal privacy against government intrusion.

Libel

False written statements that harm a person's reputation.

Plea-bargaining

Defendant pleads guilty to a lesser charge for a lighter sentence.

Wisconsin V Yoder

Case protecting religious education rights.

Engle v Vitale

Ruled state-sponsored prayers in public schools unconstitutional.

McDonald’s V Chicago

Applied Second Amendment rights to state governments.

Wire tap

A method of surveillance to intercept communications.

Meta-data

Data providing information about other data.

USA patriot act

Expands government's surveillance authority to combat terrorism.

USA Freedom Act

Reformed surveillance practices to improve privacy protections.

Selective incorporation

Applies Bill of Rights protections to state governments.

Warrantless search

Search without a warrant, generally considered unconstitutional.

15 Amendment

Prohibits voting rights denial based on race.

19th amendment

Grants women the right to vote.

24th amendment

Prohibits poll taxes in federal elections.

Civil rights act of 1964

Prohibits discrimination based on race, color, or sex.

Building rights act of 1965

Laws enhancing individuals' property rights.

ADA

Prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities