Ultimate World History 1 SOL Review

Five Themes of Geography

Movement, Location, Human-Environment Interaction, Place, Region

Lines of Longitude

run North to South; measure East to West; an example is the Prime Meridian

Lines of Latitude

run East to West; measure North to South; an example is the Equator

Homo Sapiens

Emerged in East Africa between 100,000 and 400,000 years ago.

Migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas

Seven Continents

North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Australia, Antarctica, Africa

Five Oceans

Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Southern Ocean

Nile River Valley

in Egypt; provided water, travel, protection, fertile soil

Nile River

In Egypt; flows North into the Mediterranean

Pharaoh

What the ruler of Egypt was called; worshipped as a god

Theocracy

Government that combines religious and political leadership

Polytheism

Belief in more than one god; Egyptians, Sumerians, Chinese, Aryans, (Hindus), Greeks, Romans

Egyptian Pyramids

Burial tombs for pharaohs and their bodies were mummified

Hieroglyphics

Egyptian written language; each symbol represents an idea

Fertile Crescent

Fertile soil; very good farmland; surrounding Tigris and Euphrates

Sumer

Located in southern Mesopotamia

Cuneiform

first written language; each symbol represented an idea; triangular

Hammurabi's Code

first written law code created by Hammurabi; "an eye for an eye"; harsh

Hammurabi

ruler of Babylon; created Hammurabi's Code

Phoenicians

shipbuilder, seafarers, traders; created first alphabet and each symbol resembles a sound; all over the Mediterranean Sea

Judaism

Abraham was founder; monotheistic; followed the 10 Commandments; Torah was their holy text; worshipped in temple/synagogue; still waiting for messiah

Monotheism

belief in only one God; Jews, Christians, Muslims

10 Commandments

Moses received them from the top of a mountain from God; Christians and Jews followed them; laws of God

Persians

Tolerant; Imperial bureaucracy;; Royal Road was their trade route and united empire; Zoroastrianism was their religion

Zoroastrianism

Persian religion; fight between good and evil

Indus Vally

along Indus River; natural barriers protect it; strong central government; advanced city-planning and sewer system; little written records; caste system

Caste System

divided population by race and jobs

Mauryan Empire

along Ganges River; Asoka converts to Buddhism; tolerant

Asoka

ruler of Mauryan Empire who converted to Buddhism and put their beliefs on pillars throughout the empire

Gupta Empire

Golden Age of India; art, literature, and trade were important; mathematical inventions

Hinduism

Many forms of a single God, Upanishads and Vedas were sacred texts;

Karma

result of good and bad deeds in previous or current life

Reincarnation

rebirth until reach enlightenment

Buddhism

India; founded by Siddhartha Gautama "Buddha"; 4 Noble Truths + Eightfold Path \= nirvana

Ancient China

centered around Huang He River; large population; isolated

Qin Shi Huangdi

Built Great Wall of China to keep out Mongols

Confucianism

founder was Confucius; respect elders; social order; education is important; humans are good

Daoism

founder was Laozi; harmony with nature; inner peace; yin and yang; Dao was universal force and guides everything

Ghana, Mali, Songhai

Used Niger River; Gold-Salt trade; Timbuktu was trade and cultural center; many converted to Islam

Aksum

used Red Sea; below Egypt; converted to Christianity under Ezana's rule

Zimbabwe

South East Africa; used Indian Ocean; gold trade; disappeared mysteriously

Mt. Olympus

where Greek Gods lived

Greek Gods

Zeus (Greek god of sky/storms),

Hera (Greek goddess, Zeus' wife),

Poseidon (Greek god of water),

Athena (Greek goddess of war and intelligence), Mars (Roman god of agriculture and war), Aphrodite (Greek goddess of beauty and love)

Reasons for Persian War

Persians want to conquer Mediterranean; Persians seek revenge for Ionian Revolt

Key Events of Persian War

Battles of Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis; Greeks won ( though they were outnumbered)

Outcome of Persian War

Athens becomes very powerful; Greek culture thrives and influences Western society

Peloponnesian War

Sparta and Athens become rivals and make different alliances

Delian League

Allies with Athens

Peloponnesian League

Allies with Sparta

Key Events of Peloponnesian War

Sparta surrounds Athens and plague spreads

Outcome of Peloponnesian War

Sparta wins but civil war weakens all of Greece; Democracy ends

Athens characteristics

M.A.T.D. (Monarchy, Aristocracy, Tyranny, Democracy); strong navy; trade based; artistic culture; women had less rights

Sparta

Oligarchy; strong army; agriculturally based; militaristic culture; women had more rights

Homer

epic poet; wrote "The Odyssey" and "The Iliad"

Aeshylus

wrote tragic plays

Sophocles

wrote tragic plays; "Oedipus" and "Antigone"

Herodotus

Historian of Persian War

Thucydides

Historian of Peloponnesian War

Phidias

sculptor of Zeus, Athena, Parthenon

Archimedes

scientist/inventor; invented lever and the pulley

Hippocrates

Father of Medicine; created Hippocratic Oaht

Euclid

invented geometry

Pythagoras

mathematician; created Pythagorean Theorem

Socrates

philosopher; socratic method (questions); tutor of Plato

Plato

philosopher; founded the Academy; wrote the "Republic"; tutor of Aristotle

Aristotle

philosopher; tutor of Alexander the Great

Hellenistic Age

King Phillip II of Macedon conquered Greeks after Peloponnesian War; his son, Alexander the Great, expanded his empire from Greece to India

Hellenistic Culture

Combination/blending of Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian cultures

Alexander the Great

great military general; died mysteriously at 33; founded Alexandria in Egypt

Alexandria

learning, cultural, and trade center in Egypt; founded by Alexander the Great

Punic Wars

Rome vs. Carthage; fought over control of Mediterranean trade; series of three wars; Romans won; Carthage become province of Roman Empire

Rome

City in Italy; strong army

Carthage

City in Africa; strong navy (at first)

Hannibal Barca

Carthaginian military commander who, in the Second Punic War, attempted a surprise attack on Rome, crossing the Alps with a large group of soldiers, horses, and elephants.

Roman Republic

The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate.

Patricians

wealthy people of the Roman society

Plebeians

poor people of the Roman society

Tribunes

represented plebeians in government

Roman Empire

Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.

First Triumvirate

Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus

Julius Caesar

first dictator of Rome; assassinated by senators

Pompey

fought civil war with Caesar and lost

Second Triumvirate

Octavian (Augustus), Marc Antony, Lepidus

Octavian

first emperor of Rome; starts Pax Romana; grandnephew of Julius Caesar

Marc Antony

ally then rival of Octavian; married Egyptian Queen Cleopatra

Virgil

poet; wrote "Aenid"

Romance Languages

languages based off of Latin

Four Romance Languages

Spanish, Italian, French, Portuguese

Twelve Tables

written law code of Rome; "innocent until proven guilty"

Arches

Roman architectural contribution-very stable and strong

Aqueducts

bridge-like structure that carried water from country to cities

Coliseum

Roman arena for gladiator fights, mock battles, and entertainment

Forum

meeting place for Romans

Roman Roads

Romans made over 50,000 miles of paved roads

Pantheon

temple for all Roman gods

Constantinople

good trading area; easily protected; capital of Byzantine Empire; named by and after Constantine

Justinian

Byzantine emperor; created Justinian's Code; fortified city; built Hagia Sophia