MCAT Sociology Chapter 7

"we the people" -TDoI

Biomedical Approach

assumes that any disorder rooted in biomedical nature has biomedical solution; doesn’t consider other factors

Biopsychosocial Approach

provides direct and indirect therapy

Psychotic Disorders

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized behavior, catatonia, negative symptoms

Positive Symptoms

symptoms not present in the general population; addition of behaviors

• delusions

• hallucinations

• disorganized thought

Delusions of Reference

someone on TV is speaking directly to you

Disorganized Thought

speech where idea shifts so rapidly it cannot be followed

Neologisms

inventing new words

Catatonia

ehcholalia (repeating words) and echopraxia (imitating actions)

Schizophrenia

disturbances present for six months with positive symptoms for at least one month

Schizophrenia Prodromal Phase

deterioration, withdrawal, other odd symptoms

Delusions Disorder

delusions only for a month

Brief Psychotic Disorder

positive psychotic symptoms for at least a day

Schizophreniform Disorder

same criteria as schizophrenia but symptoms present only one month

Schizoaffective Disorder

major mood episodes

Symptoms of Depression

sadness + sig e. caps

• sleep

• interest

• guilt

• energy

• concentration

• appetite

• psychomotor changes

• suicidal thoughts

Persistent Depressive Disorder

period of two years of depressive mood

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

diagnosed young; key diagnosis of irritability

Bipolar Symptoms

DIG FAST

• distractibility

• irresponsibility

• grandiosity

• flight of thoughts

• activity/agitation

• decreased sleep

• talkative

Bipolar I Disorder

manic episodes PRESENT, commonly depression also

Bipolar II Disorder

major depressive and hypomanic episode, no manic episode

Cyclothymic Disorder

numerous episodes, with not many symptoms of manic or depression for two years

Social Anxiety Disorder

fear or anxiety towards social situations with the belief of embarrassment, exposure, or negative regard

Selective Mutism

consistent inability to speak when speaking is expected

Obsessive compulsive Disorder

obsession raise stress level and compulsion lower stress; ego dystonic (individuals know they’re irrational)

Trauma and Stress Disorders

anhedonia, dysphoria, aggression, and disassociation

Intrusion Symptoms

flashbacks and reliving the event; associative learning

Arousal Symptoms

increased startle, irritability, anxiety, poor sleep; associative learning

Avoidance Symptoms

avoidance of triggers tot he memory; operant conditioning

Negative Cognitive Symptoms

inability to recall key features of event

Acute Stress Disorder

trauma and stress symptoms last for less than a month

Dissociative Fugue

sudden unexpected move or purposeless wandering away from one’s home or location of usual daily activities

Somatic Symptom Disorder

extreme concerns about symptoms that are likely not related to anything major

Conversion Disorder

neurological symptoms affect physical systems; randomly going blind; unconcerned about this happening (la belle indifference)

Personality Disorders

cluster A, B, and C; ego syntonic (they think behavior is normal)

Cluster A Disorders

odd and eccentric behaviors;

• Paranoid: distrust and suspicion of others

• Schizotypal: odd patterns of thinking; clairvoyance and superstition

• Schizoid: detachment from social relationships and emotion

Cluster B Disorders

dramatic behaviors;

• Antisocial Personality: disregard and violation of the rights of others

• Borderline Personality: intense fear of abandonment, suicide, and self mutilation

• Histrionic Personality: constant attention seeking

• Narcissistic: frail self esteem and need for attention from others

Cluster C Disorders

fearful and anxious behavior

• Avoidant Personality: refusal to change despite wanting to

• Dependent Personality: continuous need for reassurance

• Obsessive Compulsive Personality: perfectionist and inflexible; ego-syntonic

Schizophrenia Biological Cause

excessive marijuana use in adolescence; excess dopamine

Markers of Depression

high glucose metabolism

hippocampal atrophy

high cortisol

decreased norepin, serotonin, and dopamine

Markers of Bipolar

increased norepin and serotonin

familial risk

multiple sclerosis

Markers of Alzheimer’s

• atrophy of the brain of CT and MRI

• flattened sulci in cortex

• enlarged ventricles

• deficient blood flow in parietal lobes

• reduction of acetylcholine

• reduction in choline acetyltransferase

• reduced metabolism in temporal and parietal lobes

• B-amyloid plaques

• tau protein tangles

Parkinson’s Disease

slow movement, resting tremor, pill rolling (flexing and moving thumb), masklike facies, muscle tension (cogwheel rigidity) and shuffling gait

Parkinson’s biological basis

decreased dopamine production in the substantia nigra (helps basal ganglia function); medicine with L-DOPA helps