ARC252 Quiz #1 - Neoclassicism

simplicity, symmetry, mathematics

Neoclassicism

- grand, sweeping, winding paths

- open lawns

- scattered trees

- sought to evoke the natural, even if highly constructed

picturesque

- evoke pleasure

- organized by neatness & elegance

- human use is evident

- foreground

beautiful landscape

- idealized landscapes

- reflect modern enlightened society

- dotted with mansions

- middle ground

pastoral landscape

- evoke terror, astonishment & greatness

- extreme & overwhelming

- mountain views, rough seas

- background

sublime

- classical revival but with new technology & materials from industrial revolution

- formal geometry

- grand & formal

beaux arts

beautifying the city through landscape

city beautiful

a sunken fence or ditch that keeps animals away but permits views

the Ha-ha

- also called Greensward plan

- Olmstead & Vaux

- winding paths, open lawns, natural tree groupings, asymmetry, gently rolling topography, lake forms, picturesque foliage, overlooks

- Vaux designed bridges & arches

- pedestrians & carriages

- originally only elites of NY because it was so far away from homes that only carriages could access it

- sublime aspect: bramble & big granite formations

Central Park

Central Park

- Montreal

- Olmstead & later Fredrick Todd

- rugged & undulating

- 8 zones based on botanical character

- ecologic design - working with local vegetation/ecosystems

- winding paths, horse troughs, buildings, shelters, ponds

- one of the country's first parks

- rural beauty in contrast with urban city

Mount Royal

Mount Royal

- Boston's park system

- Olmstead

- green infrastructure - used to be marsh & mudflats

--> improved with sanitary engineering, tidal gates & sloped vegetation (floodable park)

- natural appearance but still polished

- sublime but mindful traffic

- linked to already existing parks

Emerald Necklace

Emerald Necklace

- largest park in Emerald Necklace

- open lawn, winding park, trees

- fairly simple landscape because of shallow soils & rocky outcrops

Franklin Park

Franklin Park

- Chicago

- Jens Jensen

- prairie style - open-ness & flatness

- originally a lagoon

- circular garden, sweeping form & axial geometries, recreating natural elements, Lily Pond, picturesque bridges, pathways, natural vegetation

- community gardens

- restoring disappearing natural scenery

- natural looking, but still idealized

Humbolt Park

- Chicago

- Jens Jensen

- prairie style

- originally a lagoon

- waterfalls & cascades constructed out of stratified stone

- natural vegetation, but specific selective placement (highly edited)

- stone circles --> symbol of native & danish culture

--> circle = no hierarchy

Columbus Park

Columbus Park, Chicago

- Toronto

- John Howard

--> preserved the space while Toronto was being developed & gave it to the city to become a park

- public movement - stop high rates of disease & overcrowded-ness

- Black Oak Savanah

--> tree nut source & hunt-ability

--> restricted timber harvest --> leaving space as natural as possible

High Park

- Toronto

- Fredrick Todd

- response to cholera spread

- no signs - prevents people from stopping

- used to be a river

- picturesque, curvilinear & pastoral

- natural vegetation

wilderness & construction

Trinity Bellwoods Park

- what it means to be outdoors

- being active in the city & during industrialization -->factory life

- child development through exercise & play

- parks reduced in size & pastoral idea disappeared

- prevents spread in disease

Reform Park

- Winnipeg

- Fredrick Todd

- immense lawns for picnics & recreation

- large specimen trees - some were already there

- accessible from city - ex: bridge from city to park

- main pavillion - landmark you can see from any area of the park

--> banquet halls, food services, events

Assiniboine Park

- Plains of Abraham

- Fredrick Todd

- Historic & Military significance

- sublime

- 5 sections

- open space, grassy half-circle

- axial beaux-arts style boulevard with monument for fallen soldiers

Quebec Battlefields

Quebec Battlefields

- Toronto

- Dunnington-Grubb & Stenson

- overcome lack of ornamental plants

Sheridan Nurseries

Sheridan Nurseries

Chorley Park

- Toronto

- Dunnington-Grubb

- building for lieutenant governor general of Ontario

- grounds for public events

- torn down --> far away from queens park, people didnt want to pay for expensive upkeep

Government House (Chorley Park)

- Hamilton

- Dunnington-Grubb

- definitive transition to Beaux-Arts --> in alignment & simplicity

- open pastoral lawns, axial fountain, formal gardens & planting beds, clipped hedges

- memorial fountain - focal alignment

Gage Park

Gage Park

- Borgstrom

- desire in North America to improve landscape

- Picturesque elements in City Beautiful Movement

- inspired by magnificent buildings & vistas in European cities

combat industrial elements & overcrowding

- ideal city

- coherence

North West Entrance of Hamilton

Northwest Entrance of Hamilton

- part of Northwest Entrance of Hamilton

- Borgstrom

- used to be shacks & rubble pits

- wanted it to look natural

- tied in with Great Depression - focus on mental health & beauty

Rock Garden

Rock Garden

- during industrial revolution --> desire to preserve parklands & attract workers to feed local economies

- outside the city

sports & play facilities

- seawall --> erosion protection & marine walk

Stanley Park

Stanley Park

- ecology, agriculture, geology

- protecting/conserving/restoring park's natural ecosystem & natural/cultural/agricultural resources

Rouge Park

Rouge Park

- closed walk around artificial lake

- artificial landscape that would tell the story of past civilizations & their place in the wilderness

Stourhead

Stourhead Gardens

-Lancelot Brown

- retains geometry, but emphasis changes to natural forms

- lakes & banks joined to make continuous river

- boundary walls concealed by forest

Blenheim Palace

Blenheim Palace

using landscape to recreate shape & form from waste

Parc des Buttes-Chaumont

Parc des Buttes-Chaumont

countryside enclosed within grid-iron pattern

Regents park

Regent Park

- combo of different landscapes, philosophies & styles --> segregated by mountain forms

Biddulph Grange

Biddulph park

combo of small private garden & collective garden

holland park

Holland Park

- response to call for parks in industrial towns

- suburb & greenspace

Birkenhead Park

Birkenhead Park

- formal frame of trees, haha fence

- outer edges - baroque immensity of scale

Gardens of Stowe

garden of stowe

- poor soil & vegetation

- Olmstead

Biltmore

biltmore

- father of landscape architecture --> coined the term

- projects heavily constructed but looks so natural that his work almost becomes invisible

Fredrick Law Olmstead

- architect who transitioned into landscape architecture

- often brings architectural elements (bridges, arches) into landscapes

calvert vaux

- selected as superintendent of landscape & parks

- prairie landscape

Jens Jensen

- preserved natural area of toronto when in development to turn into public park

John Howard

- 1st settled landscape architect in Canada

- worked with oldmstead

- all forests have unique character

Fredrick Todd

- father of Canadian Landscape architecture

- beaux arts & modernism

Howard Dunnington-Grubb

- horticultural knowledge

- worked with Dunnington-Grubb

Hermann Stenson

member of canadian society of landscape architects

Carl Borgstrom

first well-known picturesque landscape architect in canada

Andre Parmentier

- interest in form & illusion of never-ending rivers

Lancelot Brown

father of modern gardening

William Kent