Med diagnostics (after 1st exam)

discography

merchant's view

lateral "frog leg" view

ap ankle view

mortise view of ankle

ac joint misalignment

osteophyte

subchondral sclerosis

fracture

light blue circle

flabella

green stick fracture

salter harris I

salter harris I

salter harris II

salter harris III

salter harris IV

salter harris V

double cortical line = compression fracture with buckling of cortex

irregular metaphyseal border

joint effusion

periosteal reaction

fat pad sign

sail boat sign

periosteal reaction

heterotopic ossification

myositis ossificans

osteoarthritis

rheumatoid arthritis

osteopenia

osteomyelitis

fibrosarcoma

fibrosarcoma

ewing's sarcoma

large non-ossifying fibroma

enchondroma

hypertrophied kidney and radioluscent hip

calcification of gallbladder (gall stones) and right side bend of spine

ill defined pedicle borders

ferguson view

ap projection of bilateral SIJs

batwing deformity, sacralization of lumbar spine

eburnation and inflammation of SI joint

bone spur and surgical wires

curved spinous process and pedicles are not aligned

lumbar lordosis

small cartilaginous space, bone spur, l5 is slipped back (retrolisthesis)

traction spur

claw spondylophyte

pars interarticulari

green highlight

fracture of pars interarticularis

spondylolisthesis

fracture and step deformity

napolean hat deformity

lack of cervical lordosis

bony mass and misalignment

t1 MRI scan vertebrae

t2 MRI scan vertebrae

t1 mri scan knee

t2 mri scan knee

schmorl's node

disc herniation of lumbar spine

fatty infiltration of multifidus

normal chest-heart CT with IV contrast

cerebral hematoma

lateral epicondyle

orange

common extensor tendon

blue

radial head

pink

median nerve

abnormal median nerve

rectus femoris

orange

vastus intermedius

blue

femur

pink

subscapularis

light blue

lesser tuberosity

pink

biceps tendon

blue

greater tuberosity

orange

multifidius

wave frequency of ultrasound

> 20,000 Hz

wave frequency of rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI)

3.5-15 MHz

wave propagation

source creates oscillatory vibrations that affect particles in the medium that lies adjacent to it; these particles in turn affect their adjacent particles and so on

production of ultrasound production

- linear and curvilinear transducers

- piezoelectric properties ("crystal" oscillates and produces sound)

- production of mechanical energy

linear transducer used to view

superficial structures

curvilinear transducer used to view

deeper structures

transducers are generally made of

PZT (synthetic plumbum zirconium titanate and barium titanate)

penetration

- ability of sound to travel

- influenced by intensity and frequency of sound waves

intensity

power output/area (W/cm^2)

frequency

- oscillations per second

- Hertz

does higher or lower frequency have better penetration

lower

type of frequency used based on

- depth of region

- structures of interest

higher frequencies (7.5-10 MHz) used to view

superficial structures

lower frequencies (3.5-5 MHz) used to view

deeper structures

ultrasound does not penetrate what structure

bone

hyperechoic

white appearance on ultrasound

isoechoic

neutral appearance on ultrasound

hypoechoic

- darker (gray-black) appearance on ultrasound

- waves pass straight through structure

tendon characteristics on ultrasound

- hyperechoic, relative to muscle

- in longitudinal sonogram fibers have a distinct pattern of parallel fibers

- in transverse sonogram fibers have a dense, spotted appearance

ligament characteristics on ultrasound

- hyperechoic relative to muscle and display a distinct fiber pattern

- more compact than tendon

muscle characteristics on ultrasound

- hypoechoic relative to adjacent fasciae or tendons

- in transverse sonogram fibrous bands appear as dots across the relatively hypoechoic muscle

bursa characteristics on ultrasound

- potential space that contains only minuscule amounts of fluid

- often displayed as hypoechoic line (<2mm) between two hyperechoic structures

hyaline characteristics on ultrasound

- displayed as hypoechoic layer next to hyperechoic cortical bone

- contains synovial fluid which causes hypoechoic appearance