BE 354 Chapter 5 Tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

four primary types of tissue

epithelial tissue function

protection, secretion, absorption, excretion

epithelial tissue location

cover body surface, cover and line internal organs, compose gland

epithelial tissue characteristics:

lack blood vessels, cells readily divide, cells tightly packed

connective tissue function

bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells

connective tissue location

widely distributed throughout the body

connective tissue characteristics

mostly have good blood supply, cells are far apart than epithelial cells, with extracellular matrix in between

muscle tissue function

movement

muscle tissue location

attached to bones, in the walls of hollow internal organs, heart

muscle tissue characteristics

able to contract in response to specific stimuli

nervous tissue function

conduct impulses for coordination, regulation, integration, and sensory reception

nervous tissue location

brain, spinal cord, nerves

nervous tissue characteristics

cells communicate with each other and other body parts

epithelial tissue

general characteristics: covers organs and body surface/lines cavities and hollow organs, have a free surface on one side and are anchored to a basement membrane on other, cells are tightly packed and contain little intercellular material, usually lack blood vessels, cells readily divide

stratified

two layers of cells

simple

one layer of cells

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

shape of cells

simple squamous epithelium

single layer of thin and flattened cells, substances pass easily through, lines air sacs, lines blood vessels, lines lymphatic vessels

simple squamous epithelium

loose connective tissue (lamina propia)

nucleus

simple squamous epithelia cell

simple cuboidal epithelium

single layer of cube-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei, functions in secretion and absorption, lines kidney tubules, covers ovaries, lines ducts of some glands

simple cuboidal epithelium

lumen

simple cuboidal epithelial cell

nucleus

simple columnar epithelium

single layer of elongated cells, nuclei usually near the basement membrane, sometimes possesses cilia, lines uterus, stomach, intestines (microvilli), often has goblet cells (secrete mucus)

simple columnar epithelium

basement membrane

simple columnar epithelial cells

lumen

cilia

loose connective tissue

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

single layer of elongated cells, nuclei at two or more levels--giving appearance of being stratified, often has cilia, often has goblet cells, lines respiratory passageways

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

lumen

nucleus

cilia

loose connective tissue

pseudostratified columnar epithelial cell

stratified squamous epithelium

many cell layers, top cells are flat, outer layer of skin (can accumulate keratin), lines oral cavity/vagina/anal canal

keratin

portion on top

stratified squamous epithelium

loose connective tissue

stratified cuboidal epithelium

2-3 layers, cube-shaped cells, lines ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas

stratified columnar epithelium

stratified columnar epithelial cell

top portion

connective tissue

bottom portion

transitional epithelium

many cell layers, cube-shaped and elongated cells, designed to distend and return to normal size, line urinary bladder/ureters/part of urethra

transitional epithelium

glandular epithelium

composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances

endocrine glands, exocrine glands

two types of glandular epithelium

endocrine glands

glands that secrete into body fluids or blood

exocrine glands

glands that secrete into ducts

merocrine, apocrine, holocrine

types of glandular secretions

merocrine glands

glandular secretions: fluid product, salivary glands, pancreas gland, sweat glands

apocrine glands

glandular secretions: cellular product, portions cells, mammary glands, ceruminous glands

holocrine glands

glandular secretions: secretory products, whole cells, sebaceous glands

serous membranes, mucous membranes, cutaneous membranes, synovial membranes

types of membranes

serous membranes

membranes: line body cavities that do not open to the outside, reduce friction, inner lining of thorax and abdomen, cover organs of thorax and abdomen, secrete serous fluid

mucous membranes

membranes: line tubes and organs that open to outside of body, lining of digestive/respiratory/urinary/reproductive tracts, secrete mucus

cutaneous membranes

membranes: covers body, skin

synovial membranes

membranes: composed entirely of connective tissue, lines joints

connective tissue

general characteristics: most abundant tissue type, cells are farther apart than epithelia cells, contain matrix between cells, lots of functions, most have good blood supply and are well-nourished but vascularity varies among tissue types

extracellular matrix

consists of protein fibers and ground substance; consistency varies from fluid to semisolid to solid

fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells

connective tissue major cell types

fibroblasts

connective tissue cell types: most common cell, large, secretes, extracellular matrix fibers

macrophages

connective tissue cell types: wandering cell, phagocytic, important in immunity and prevent of infection

mast cells

connective tissue cell types: large cell, located near blood vessels, release heparin (anticoagulant), release histamine (promotes inflammation)

collagenous fibers

connective tissue fibers: thick, composed of collagen, great tensile strength, abundant in dense connective tissue, hold structures together

elastic fibers

connective tissue fibers: bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin, elastic

reticular fibers

connective tissue fibers: very thing collagenous fibers, highly branched, form delicate supportive networks

connective tissue proper

connective tissues: includes loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

areolar, adipose, reticular

types of loose connective tissue

dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

types of dense connective tissue

specialized connective tissue

connective tissues: includes cartilage, bone, blood

areolar connective tissue

connective tissue: mainly fibroblasts, gel-like ground substance collagenous fibers and elastic fibers, thin and delicate membranes, binds skin to structures, beneath most epithelia (laminar propia)

areolar connective tissue

adipose connective tissue

connective tissue: adipocytes, functions: stores fats, cushions, insulates, beneath skin, around joints, padding the kidneys/heart/other internal organs, between muscles

adipose connective tissue

nuclei

fat droplets

capillaries

reticular connective tissue

connective tissue: composed of reticular fibers, supports internal organ walls, walls of liver/spleen

dense regular connective tissue

connective tissue: densely packed collagenous fibers, very strong, poor blood supply--slow to heal, fibroblasts, tendons, ligaments, dermis

reticular connective tissue

dense regular connective tissue

collagen fibers/ECM

nuclei of fibroblasts

cartilage

connective tissue: rigid matrix that provides framework for various structures, chondrocytes located in lacunae in this gel-like matrix, poor blood supply, covered by pericohondrium

lacunae

outlined discoloration in cartilage

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage

three types of cartilage

hyaline cartilage

cartilage: most abundant, fine collagenous fibers, ends of bones, nose, respiratory passages

elastic cartilage

cartilage: flexible--elastic fibers, external ear, larynx

fibrocartilage

cartilage: very tough--many collagenous fibers, shock absorber,, intervertebral discs, pads of knee, pelvic girdle

hyaline cartilage

elastic cartilage

fibrocartilage

hyaline cartilage