Respiratory: Anatomy , Functions , & Diseases

Functions of Respiratory System:

Gas exchange, Maintain blood pH, Protection, Voice production, Olfaction

Gas exchange

Oxygen in, Carbon dioxide out… a “life line”

Maintaining blood pH

Changes in Carbon dioxide levels

How does CO2 correlate with blood pH?

Blood is more acidic=Remove CO2… vice versa

Cyanosis

Blue discoloration of skin, lips, and nail beds

Cause of cyanosis?

Deprivation of oxygen in the blood

Protection

Hair, Cilia, and Mucous protect against pathogens

Voice production

Movement of air into vocal cords

Olfaction

Sense of smell; olfactory receptors in nasal cavity

Components of Respiratory System:

Ventilation, Pulmonary gas exchange, Gas transport, Peripheral gas exchange

Ventilation

Movement of air & gases into and out of lungs

Pulmonary gas exchange

Air in alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs at end of respiratory tract

Pulmonary gas exchange is the…

External respiration

Gas transport

Gas is carried from lungs to body tissues through arteries & then back to lungs through veins

Peripheral gas exchange:

Happens between capillaries and body cells may use for energy

Peripheral gas exchange is the…

Internal respiration

Inhalation synonym is…

Inspiration

Exhalation synonym is…

Expiration

Inspiration causes the…

diaphragm to drop down and the expansion of the thoracic cavity

Inspiration also causes the…

Intercostal muscles to lift up the chest wall

Expiration is more…

passive

Inspiration causes the

Diaphragmatic and intercostal muscle relaxation

Expiration also causes the…

thoracic cavity to go back to original volume

The nares are also known as:

nostrils

From the nares, air travels to the…

Vestibule

From the vestibule air travels to the…

nasal cavity

Nasal cavity is divided by…

septum

The medial wall has:

3 bony ridges called conchae

The nose is the…

passage for air, sense of smell, moisturize & warm air, olfactory

Sinuses are:

Hollow chambers reduce skull weight & help with sound of voice

Pharynx consists of:

Nasopharynx, Uvula, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx

Nasopharynx is in:

back of the nose, above soft palate & uvula

Uvula

Lined with mucus to trap pathogens

The uvula’s posterior surface contains…

adenoids

Oropharynx is…

under soft palate & above epiglottis

The oropharynx contains…

tonsils

Laryngopharynx is…

under the epiglottis (blocked trachea when swallowing)

The larynx is the…

voice box

Larynx has…

Nine rings of cartilage

The larynx’s uppermost part that guard the glottis:

Epiglottis

Thyroid cartilage is the

Adam’s apple

The thyroid cartilage forms the…

anterior & lateral wall of larynx

Cricoid connects…

the larynx to the trachea

The larynx contains…

the vocal cords

When air moves through the vocal cords…

The cords vibrate

Volume is caused by the…

amount of force of air as it moves through the cords

what muscles attach to chords?

Intrinsic

The muscles attached to cords pull them…

Closer together

High pitch

Tight pull on cords

Low pitch

cords more relaxed

Males have…

thicker vocal cords

Right lung has…

3 lobes

Left lung has…

2 lobes

Hilum contains:

branches, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels & nerves

Parenchyma are:

Functional lung cells

Pleura…

reduce friction during inspiration & expiration

Pleura keeps lungs…

inflated

Pleura both:

separates & protects vital organs

Alveoli

Thin wall sacs surrounded by membranes

The membrane surround in the sac allows for…

gas exchange around pulmonary capillaries

Alveolar cells secrete…

surfactant to keep sacs from collapsing

Trachea contains…

cilia

cilia is a…

hair-like structure

Trachea is protected by…

c-shaped ring or cartilage

The trachea divides into 2 branches known as the:

Right & Left bronchi

The Right & Left primary bronchi enter…

the hilum

In the hilum, the bronchi divides into…

secondary bronchi

The right bronchi divides into…

3 secondary bronchi

The left bronchi divides into

2 secondary bronchi

Bronchi then divide into…

Terminal bronchioles

Bronchioles are bronchi that:

continuously decrease in size

Upper respiratory tract contains the:

nose, pharynx, larynx

Lower respiratory tract contains:

Trachea & lungs

The lungs contain:

pleura, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Coughing occurs when…

the glottis closes, expiration muscle contract = produces high pressure in lower tract

Expectorate is when…

An individual coughs up mucus from the respiratory tract

A symptom common with turberculosis is…

Hemoptysis

Hemoptysis is the…

coughing of blood

Dyspnea is the…

shortness of breath

Dyspnea is usually caused by…

airway obstruction

Cyanosis is a sign of…

Respiratory distress

Sneezing is caused by…

irritants in nasal cavity

A cold is also called an…

upper respiratory infection

Colds are caused by…

airborne viruses

Rhinitis is the…

inflammation of nasal mucosa

nasal mucosa is also referred to as…

coryza

Allergic rhinitis is the…

swelling of mucous membrane of nose, pharynx, and sinuses

Sinusitis is the…

infection of the paranasal sinuses

When sinusitis is bacterial, it produces:

Mucopurulent

Mucopurulent is the mixture of…

pus & mucus

Sinusitis is treated by:

Antibiotics & decongestants

Epistaxis

Nosebleed

Snoring occurs when…

The obstruction of air flow causes vibration of structures producing snore sounds

The structures producing snore sounds are:

The back of the mouth and nose where tongue and upper pharynx meet the soft palate and uvula

Obstructive Sleep Apnea abbreviation:

OSA

OSA is when the…

Soft tissue in back of neck causing obstruction and episodes of gasping for breath or complete apnea

Reduced levels of oxygen in blood is referred to as:

Hypoxemia

Hypoxemia can lead to…

Hypertension & cardiac enlargement

Pharyngitis

Acute or chronic viral infection of pharynx