Functional Human Anatomy - Exam 2

The following are nerve plexuses of the human body.

a. cranial, cervical, lumbar sacral

b. cranial, brachial, lumbar, sacral

c. cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral

d. cervical, brachial, lumbosacral, coccygeal

c. cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral

The brachial plexus innervates this region of the body.

a. head and neck

b. chest and upper extremity

c. abdomen

d. pelvis and lower extremity

b. chest and upper extremity

The nerve plexuses provide sensory and motor innervation.

a. true

b. false

a. true

Dermatomes are areas of skin supplied by nerves from a single spinal root.

a. true

b. false

a. true

This is the general order of events for a reflex arc.

a. activation of a sensory receptor, information relayed to the CNS, response by the effector, activation of a motor neuron

b. information relayed to the CNS, activation of a sensory receptor, activation of a motor neuron, response by the effector

c. activation of a sensory receptor, information relayed to the CNS, activation of a motor neuron, response by the effector

d. response by the effector, activation of a motor neuron, information relayed to the CNS, activation of a sensory receptor

c. activation of a sensory receptor, information relayed to the CNS, activation of a motor neuron, response by the effector

All four nerve plexuses innervate muscles and receive cutaneous sensory information.

a. true

b. false

a. true

This plexus supplies small branches to two cranial nerves.

a. cervical

b. brachial

c. lumbar

d. sacral

a. cervical

Trunks of the brachial plexus are differentiated as ___.

a. superior, middle, inferior

b. anterior and posterior

c. posterior, lateral, and medial

d. anterior, posterior, and lateral

a. superior, middle, inferior

The sciatic nerve, the largest nerve in the body, originates from the ___ plexus.

a. cervical

b. brachial

c. lumbar

d. sacral

d. sacral

Nerves that innervate muscles in the arm originate from the ___ plexus.

a. cervical

b. brachial

c. lumbar

d. sacral

b. brachial

The lumbar plexus originates from the ventral rami of ___.

a. T1-L5

b. T1-L4

c. T12-L4

d. T12-L5

c. T12-L4

This nerve splits in the area of the knee (popliteal region) to become the fibular nerve and tibial nerve.

a. femoral nerve

b. inferior gluteal nerve

c. superior gluteal nerve

d. sciatic nerve

d. sciatic nerve

A reflex is an immediate, voluntary motor response.

a. true

b. false

b. false

These three regions comprise the brain stem.

a. pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum

b. diencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata

c. diencephalon, mesencephalon, and pons

d. mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata

d. mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata

This area contains the "emotional brain" and is made up of the thalamus, hypothalamus, hipocampus, amygdala, and olfactory bulb.

a. basal ganglia

b. limbic system

c. diencephalon

d. ventricles

b. limbic system

An injury to this lobe of the brain would most likely affect motor skills.

a. frontal

b. occipital

c. parietal

d. temporal

a. frontal

The mnemonnic, "Ooh, ooh, ooh, to touch and feel very good velvet. Ah, heaven." helps us remember that Cranial nerve IV is the ___ nerve.

a. trigeminal

b. trochlear

c. temporal

d. thalamic

b. trochlear

All of the cranial nerves provide both sensory and motor innervation.

a. true

b. false

b. false

The visual cortex would be found in the _ lobe of the cerebral cortex.

a. parietal

b. temporal

c. occipital

d. frontal

c. occipital

The hypothalamus and thalamus are found within which structure of the brain?

a. cerebral cortex

b. diencephalon

c. pons

d. medulla oblongata

b. diencephalon

This meningeal layer is in direct contact with the cerebral cortex.

a. dura mater

b. arachnoid mater

c. subarachnoid mater

d. pia mater

d. pia mater

This is the most inferior portion of the brainstem and it regulates visceral function through the autonomic nervous system.

a. cerebellum

b. pons

c. mesencephalon

d. medulla oblongata

d. medulla oblongata

The mnemonic, "Some say marry money, but my brother says big brains matter more," reminds us the hypoglossal nerve is _.

a. motor

b. sensory

c. both

d. neither

a. motor

The oculomotor nerve innervates the following four extra-ocular muscles:

a. superior, inferior, medial, and lacteral rectus muscles

b. superior, inferior, medial rectus muscles, and inferior oblique muscle

c. superior, inferior, lateral rectus muscles, and inferior oblique muscle

d. superior, medial, and lateral rectus muscles, and inferior oblique muscle

b. superior, inferior, medial rectus muscles, and inferior oblique muscle

This nerve innervates muscles of facial expression and receives sensory info from part of the tongue.

a. trigeminal nerve

b. facial nerve

c. glossopharyngeal nerve

d. vagus nurse

b. facial nerve

This nerve branches extensively to provide sensory and motor innervation to visceral organs.

a. facial nerve

b. glossopharyngeal nerve

c. vagus nerve

d. accessory nerve

c. vagus nerve

In the sympathetic division of the ANS, preganglionic neurons are located in spinal segments.

a. T1-L2

b. T12-L2

c. S2-S4

d. S1-S5

a. T1-L2

Most vital organs are innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS. This is known as ___.

a. fight or flight

b. rest and digest

c. the baroreceptor reflex

d. dual innervation

d. dual innervation

The adrenal medulla, as part of the ANS, is unique in that it ___.

a. targets organs by releasing hormones into the bloodstream

b. plays an important role in both divisions of the ANS

c. innervates target organs by postganglionic fibers

d. serves as a control center for the parasympathetic division

a. targets organs by releasing hormones into the bloodstream

Effects of the sympathetic stimulation include all, except ___.

a. increased gastrointestinal function

b. increased cardiovascular activity

c. increased respiratory activity

d. increased alertness

a. increased gastrointestinal function

A vasovagal reaction is when parasympathetic overstimulation causes a decrease in heart rate and blood pressure without sympathetic stimulation to counteract it. This can result in ___.

a. increased digestion

b. vomiting

c. hiccups

d. fainting

d. fainting

The ANS receives afferent sensory information and sends efferent motor information through the PNS.

a. true

b. false

a. true

The following are true of the sympathetic nervous system, except...

a. it is known as the thoracolumbar division of the ANS

b. it usually has an inhibitory effect on the cardiac and respiratory systems

c. it is known as the "fight or flight" response

d. the ganglia are located near the spinal cord

b. it usually has an inhibitory effect on the cardiac and respiratory systems

This division of the ANS affects gastrointestinal (digestive) function only.

a. sympathetic

b. para sympathetic

c. enteric

d. adrenal medulla

c. enteric

The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system come from the lateral horns of spinal segments from T1 - L ___.

2

All of the following are true of the parasympathetic division of the ANS except...

a. it is associated with "rest and digest"

b. it is known as the craniosacral division

c. its ganglionic neurons are located in sympathetic chain ganglia

d. it is generally inhibitory to the respiratory system

c. its ganglionic neurons are located in sympathetic chain ganglia

Through what is known as dual innervation, the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS work together to maintain homeostasis of the human organism.

a. true

b. false

a. true

Organs of the cardiovascular system include all of the following, except...

a. heart

b. bronchi

c. arteries

d. veins

b. bronchi

The heart consists of the following four chambers...

a. left and right tricuspid, left and right bicuspid

b. left and right systemic, left and right pulmonary

c. left and right atria, left and right ventricles

d. left and right superior, left and right inferior

c. left and right atria, left and right ventricles

From the right ventricle, blood next moves through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary vein.

a. true

b. false

b. false

Gas exchange occurs at the blood air barrier between the ___ and ___.

a. veins, arteries

b. alveoli, capillaries

c. lungs, heart

d. type I and type II alveolar cells

b. alveoli, capillaries

Surfactant is produced by these cells in the alveoli.

a. type I

b. type II

c. macrophages

d. all of the above

b. type II

Functions of blood include all of the following, except ___.

a. transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste

b. production of red and white blood cells

c. stabilization of body temperature

d. clotting to prevent fluid loss

b. production of red and white blood cells

The heart consists of four chambers and pumps blood into two circuits - pulmonary and systemic.

a. true

b. false

a. true

In the systemic circulation, ___ take blood away from the heart, and in the pulmonary circulation, ___ bring oxygenated blood back to the heart.

a. arteries, arteries

b. arteries, capillaries

c. arteries, veins

d. veins, arteries

c. arteries, veins

Another name for the visceral layer of serous pericardium is the ___.

a. parietal layer

b. myocardium

c. epicardium

d. endothelium

c. epicardium

The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the ___ and the ___.

a. superior vena cava, right ventricle

b. right ventricle, left atrium

c. right ventricle, left ventricle

d. superior vena cava, inferior vena cava

d. superior vena cava, inferior vena cava

This is the primary cardiac pacemaker, generating electrical impulses that control heart rate.

a. AV node

b. myocardium

c. SA node

d. SA and AV nodes

c. SA node

These organs are part of the upper respiratory system.

a. paranasal sinuses, nose, nasal cavity, and trachea

b. paranasal sinuses, nose, nasal cavity, and nasopharynx

c. paranasal sinuses, nose, larynx, and trachea

d. paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, larynx, and trachea

b. paranasal sinuses, nose, nasal cavity, and nasopharynx

Gas exchange occurs at the blood air barrier between the ___ and ___.

a. lungs, heart

b. veins, arteries

c. type I and type II alveolar cells

d. alveoli, capillaries

d. alveoli, capillaries

Oxygen within the pleural cavity reduces friction when the lungs move upon inhalation and exhalation.

a. true

b. false

b. false

This area of the brain controls the respiratory cycle.

a. basal ganglia

b. medulla oblongata

c. limbic system

d. cerebellum

b. medulla oblongata

Premature infants often have difficulty breathing due to a decreased production of ___.

a. surfactant

b. oxygen

c. alveoli

d. respiratory capillaries

a. surfactant

The thymus is considered a lymphatic organ.

a. true

b. false

a. true

The lymphatic system's main function is to act as the primary route for the transport of hormones, nutrients, and waste throughout the body.

a. true

b. false

b. false

The ___ and ___ are primary lymphatic organs responsible for production and differentiation of lymphocytes.

a. spleen, thymus

b. spleen, red bone marrow

c. thymus, red bone marrow

d. spleen, lymph nodes

c. thymus, red bone marrow

One of the ways the lymphatic system maintains normal blood volume and the normal composition of interstitial fluid is by ___.

a. the higher pressure of the vascular capillaries pushing interstitial fluid out to enter the lymphatic capillaries

b. the lower pressure of the vascular capillaries pushing interstitial fluid out to enter the lymphatic capillaries

c. the higher pressure of the lymphatic capillaries pushing interstitial fluid out to enter the vascular capillaries

d. the lower pressure of the lymphatic capillaries pushing interstitial fluid out to enter the vacular capillaries

a. the higher pressure of the vascular capillaries pushing interstitial fluid out to enter the lymphatic capillaries

The following is true of T cells

a. they were discovered by Mr. T and that's where they got their name

b. they can be differentiated into cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, regulatory T cells and memory T cells

c. they are thymus dependent.

d. B and C

d. B and C

Functions of the lymphatic system include all except the following...

a. provides an alternate route for transporting hormones, nutrients, and waste.

b. maintains normal blood volume and normal composition of interstitial fluid.

c. produces, maintains, and distributes lymphocytes.

d. removes carbon dioxide from the blood.

d. removes carbon dioxide from the blood.

The following structures are where lymphocytes are produced and differentiate.

a. lymph nodes and tonsils

b. MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissues)

c. thymus and red bone marrow

d. spleen and lymph nodes

c. thymus and red bone marrow

In comparison to vascular capillaries, lymphatic capillaries are

a. smaller, have thicker walls, and have an irregular outline

b. smaller, have thinner walls, and have a regular outline

c. larger, have thicker walls, and have an irregular outline

d. larger, have thinner walls, and have an irregular outline

d. larger, have thinner walls, and have an irregular outline

The fluid pressure in lymphatic capillaries is about 35mm Hg which helps it push back into the venous circulation.

a. true

b. false

b. false

The thoracic duct collects lymph from...

a. both sides of the body inferior to the diaphragm and from the left side of the body superior to the diaphragm.

b. the right side of the thoracic cavity.

c. the left side of the body.

d. the right side of the body.

a. both sides of the body inferior to the diaphragm and from the left side of the body superior to the diaphragm.

Lymphopoieses refers to the creation of lymphocytes.

a. true

b. false

a. true

These lymphocytes are produced and mature in the bone marrow and are involved in humoral immunity.

a. T cells

b. B cells

c. leukocytes

d. NK cells

b. B cells

Lymphedema is

a. swelling of an arm or leg due to blockage of lymph drainage.

b. not a real disorder but referred to what was thought to be an enlarged thymus.

c. a condition that can be treated with kinesiotape.

d. A and C

d. A and C

Which endocrine organ has these three roles?

1 - releases ADH and OXT at the neurohypophysis

2 -secretes regulatory hormones which control activity of the adenohypophysis

3 - contains ANS centers that control the adrenal medulla

a. thyroid gland

b. hypothalamus

c. pituitary gland

d. pineal gland

b. hypothalamus

The endocrine system and hormones in general have a fast, quick effect on the body when compared to the nervous system.

a. true

b. false

b. false

A person with hypertension (HTN) or high blood pressure (HBP) would benefit from ___ ADH.

a. increased

b. decreased

b. decreased

The thyroid gland will produce T3 and T4 which will be primarily responsible for regulating ___ and ___.

a. blood pressure and sodium

b. metabolism and calcium levels

c. insulin and glucagon levels

d. androgens and estrogens

b. metabolism and calcium levels

This organ functions as both an endocrine and an exocrine organ.

a. hypothalamus

b. heart

c. thalamus

d. pancreas

d. pancreas

The nervous system produces short-term, very specific responses; the endocrine system often produces long-term, general responses.

a. true

b. false

a. true

This hormone (the "love drug") does several things:

- targets smooth muscle of the utreus

- targets contractile cells of the mammary glands

- has a relaxing effect

a. renin

b. ADH

c. OXT

d. parathyroid hormone

c. OXT

Neurosecretions is another name for these hormones from the hypothalamus.

a. ADH, OXT

b. epinephrine, norepinephrine

c. ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL

d. A and C

a. ADH, OXT

This hormone from the parathyroid gland monitors blood calcium ion levels.

a. TSH

b. T3

c. T4

d. PTH

d. PTH

If blood sugar levels are high, the ___ of the pancreas would release ___.

a. alpha cells, glucagon

b. alpha cells, insulin

c. beta cells, glucagon

d. beta cells, insulin

d. beta cells, insulin

This part of the digestive tract's main function is to absorb water and compact waste.

a. stomach

b. small intestine

c. large intestine

d. rectum

c. large intestine

This part of the digestive tract is where the most absorption of nutrients takes place.

a. stomach

b. small intestine

c. large intestine

d. rectum

b. small intestine

Haustral churning refers to the movement of chyme in the ___.

a. esophagus

b. stomach

c. small intestine

d. large intestine

d. large intestine

Parts of the digestive system include all but the following:

a. cardiac sphincter

b. stomach

c. spleen

d. pharynx

c. spleen

Movement of the bolus, and then of chyme, through the digestive tract is produced by this process.

a. peristalsis

b. segmentation

c. gravity

d. Uber

a. peristalsis

The following are parts of the digestive tract:

a. oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus

b. pharynx, larynx, esophagus, stomach

c. esophagus, cardiac sphincter, stomach, pyloric sphincter

d. stomach, duodenum, jumanji, ileum

c. esophagus, cardiac sphincter, stomach, pyloric sphincter

The muscularis mucosae is the outermost layer of the digestive tract.

a. true

b. false

b. false

All of the following are true of the enteric nervous system, except...

a. it is considered a third division of the ANS with the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems being the first two

b. it has sensory receptors in the walls of the digestive tract that trigger peristaltic movements

c. it has sensory receptors along the digestive tract that send efferent information to the CNS

d. it triggers peristaltic movements of the digestive tract that propel matter forward along the tract

c. it has sensory receptors along the digestive tract that send efferent information to the CNS

This virus targets the salivary glands causing swelling and pain. It is prevented by a vaccine.

a. measles

b. mumps

c. rubella

d. polio

b. mumps

This part of the digestive tract is a long muscular tube with upper and lower sphincters and its primary function is transporting matter.

a. esophagus

b. small intestine

c. large intestine

d. rectum

a. esophagus

This phase of swallowing has the bolus passing the epiglottis and larynx.

a. buccal phase

b. pharyngeal phase

c. esophageal phase

d. all of the above

b. pharyngeal phase

Material must pass through the ___ sphincter to enter the stomach. It must then pass through the ___ sphincter to exit the stomach.

a. upper, lower

b. pyloric, upper

c. cardiac, pyloric

d. pyloric, cecal

c. cardiac, pyloric

One of the primary functions of this part of the digestive tract is absorption of water.

a. stomach

b. small intestine

c. large intestine

d. rectum

c. large intestine

Fluid moving through the urinary system would move through the following structures in this order:

a. papilla, minor calyx, ureter, major calyx

b. ureter, minor calyx, major calyx, bladder

c. papilla, minor calyx, major calyx, ureter

d. minor calyx, major calyx, papilla, bladder

c. papilla, minor calyx, major calyx, ureter

Blood passes through the following structures within the urinary system in this order:

a. afferent arteriole, renal artery, glomerular capillary, renal vein

b. afferent arteriole, glomerular capillary, renal artery, renal vein

c. renal artery, afferent arteriole, glomerular capillary, efferent arteriole

d. renal artery, efferent arteriole, glomerular capillary, renal vein

c. renal artery, afferent arteriole, glomerular capillary, efferent arteriole

The following statement(s) is(are) true regarding the bladder:

a. the internal urethral sphincter is made of skeletal muscle and is under voluntary control

b. the external urethral sphincter is made of skeletal muscle and is under voluntary control

c. the smooth muscle layer lining the bladder is called the detrusor.

d. B and C

d. B and C

As the bladder begins to fill with urine, ___ nervous system activity increases.

a. somatic

b. sympathetic

c. parasympathetic

d. A and B

b. sympathetic

The urinary system does all of the following, except

a. eliminates metabolic wastes

b. stabilizes blood pH at a level between 7.35-7.45

c. releases renin and erythropoietin

d. aids the spleen with some of its primary function

d. aids the spleen with some of its primary function

As urine travels through the body it follows this path...

a. kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

b. kidney, urethra, urinary bladder, ureter

c. ureter, urinary bladder, kidney, urethra

d. ureter, kidney, urinary bladder, urethra

a. kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

The kidneys are retroperitoneal, meaning they are anterior to the abdominal organs.

a. true

b. false

b. false

The hilum is where...

a. only the urine leaves the kidney

b. the minor calyx drains urine into the ureter

c. the renal artery enters and the renal vein and ureter exit the kidney

d. urine leaves the major calyx and enters the renal pelvis

c. the renal artery enters and the renal vein and ureter exit the kidney

Blood supply to the kidneys moves through these structures in the following order after the renal artery:

a. segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries

b. interlobar arteries, segmental arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries

c. arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries

d. cortical radiate arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobar arteries, segmental arteries

a. segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries

There are two kinds of nephrons in the kidneys. They are...

a. pyramidal nephrons, cortical nephrons

b. glomerular nephrons, medullary nephrons

c. cortical nephrons, juxtamedullary nephrons

d. cortical nephrons, medullary nephrons

c. cortical nephrons, juxtamedullary nephrons

The endothelium of the glomerular capillaries is large enough for blood cells to pass through.

a. true

b. false

b. false