higher chemistry unit 2

Saturated Compounds

Contain only single carbon-carbon bonds.

Unsaturated Compounds

Contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

Addition Reaction

Two molecules combine to form one molecule.

Bromine Solution Test

Used to distinguish unsaturated from saturated compounds.

Isomers

Same molecular formula, different structural formulae.

Homologous Series

Groups of compounds with similar properties.

Hydrogen Bonding

Intermolecular force due to O-H or N-H bonds.

Permanent Dipole

Result of spatial arrangement of polar bonds.

London Dispersion Forces

Weak intermolecular forces affecting molecular size.

Solubility

Polar compounds dissolve in polar solvents.

Alcohols

Contain a hydroxyl functional group, ─OH.

Primary Alcohols

Hydroxyl group on a terminal carbon.

Secondary Alcohols

Hydroxyl group on a secondary carbon.

Tertiary Alcohols

Hydroxyl group on a tertiary carbon.

Diols

Alcohols with two hydroxyl groups.

Triols

Alcohols with three hydroxyl groups.

Carboxylic Acids

Contain the carboxyl functional group, ─COOH.

Condensation Reaction

Two molecules join, eliminating a small molecule.

Esters

Contain an ester link: ─COO─.

Parent Alcohol

Alcohol from which an ester is derived.

Parent Carboxylic Acid

Acid from which an ester is derived.

Salt Formation

Reaction of carboxylic acids with bases produces salts.

Flavourings and Fragrances

Esters often have pleasant, fruity smells.

Ester Link

Bond formed between hydroxyl and carboxyl groups.

Hydrolysis Reaction

Reaction where water breaks down larger molecules.

Hydrolysis Products

Alcohol and carboxylic acid from ester breakdown.

Ester Naming

Based on alcohol and carboxylic acid structure.

Molecular Formula

Chemical representation of a compound's elements.

Structural Formula

Diagram showing arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

Glycerol

Propane-1,2,3-triol, a building block of fats.

Fatty Acids

Carboxylic acids forming esters with glycerol.

Saturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids with no double bonds in chains.

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids containing one or more double bonds.

Melting Point

Temperature at which a substance changes from solid to liquid.

Van der Waals Forces

Weak attractions between molecules affecting physical properties.

Bromine Decolourisation

Indicates presence of double bonds in unsaturated compounds.

Soaps

Salts formed from fatty acids and glycerol hydrolysis.

Hydrophobic Tails

Non-polar parts of soap that dissolve in oils.

Hydrophilic Heads

Polar parts of soap that dissolve in water.

Scum Formation

Insoluble precipitate from soap in hard water.

Soapless Detergents

Detergents that do not form scum in hard water.

Emulsifier

Substance preventing separation of polar and non-polar liquids.

Emulsion

Mixture of small droplets of one liquid in another.

Proteins

Major structural materials involved in life processes.

Amino Acids

Building blocks of proteins containing amino and carboxyl groups.

Condensation Reactions

Reactions joining amino acids with water elimination.

Peptide link

Bond between two amino acids, —CONH—.

Essential amino acids

Amino acids obtained only through diet.

Enzyme hydrolysis

Process breaking proteins into amino acids.

Denaturation

Change in protein shape due to bond breaking.

Oxidation

Increase in oxygen to hydrogen ratio.

Reduction

Decrease in oxygen to hydrogen ratio.

Primary alcohols

Alcohols oxidized to aldehydes and carboxylic acids.

Secondary alcohols

Alcohols oxidized to ketones.

Tertiary alcohols

Alcohols resistant to oxidation by common agents.

Carbonyl group

Functional group represented as O=C.

Aldehydes

Oxidizable compounds with carbonyl group at end.

Ketones

Compounds with carbonyl group in the middle.

Fehling's solution

Blue solution that turns brick red with aldehydes.

Tollens' reagent

Clear solution forming silver mirror with aldehydes.

Antioxidants

Molecules preventing unwanted oxidation reactions.

Essential oils

Concentrated plant extracts of volatile aroma compounds.

Terpenes

Unsaturated compounds formed from isoprene units.

Isoprene

Building block of terpenes, 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene.

UV radiation

High-energy light causing skin damage.

Free radicals

Highly reactive molecules with unpaired electrons.

Free radical scavengers

Molecules stabilizing free radicals to prevent reactions.

Free radical chain reactions

Reactions involving initiation, propagation, and termination.

Oxidizing agents

Substances causing oxidation in chemical reactions.