Programming Reviewer - Definition of Terms

C++

cross-platform language that can be used to create high-performance applications

\
gives programmers a high level of control over system resources and memory

Bjarne Stroustrup

developed C++

Structure of a Program

best way to start learning programming by writing a program

//

are considered comments and do not have any effect on the behavior of the program

\#include

 are directives for the preprocessor.

\
are not regular code lines with expressions but indications for the compiler's preprocessor.

using namespace std;

in order to access its functionality we declare with this expression that we will be using these entities. ​

;

tells the compiler that you're at the end of a command

\
separation between statements

int main ()

corresponds to the beginning of the definition of the main function

cout<<

represents the standard output stream in C++, and the meaning of the entire statement is to insert a sequence of characters​

cin>>

character input

return 0;

causes the main function to finish

Variables

a name given to a memory location.

\
the basic unit of storage in a program. ​

Declaration of variables

to write the specifier of the desired data type (like int, bool, float...) followed by a valid variable identifier

Initialization of variables

is done by appending an equal sign followed by the value to which the variable will be initialized

\
other way to initialize variables, known as constructor initialization, is done by enclosing the initial value between parentheses (())

Operators

used to perform operations on variables and values​

Arithmetic Operators​

used to perform common mathematical operations

\+

addition

\-

subtraction

\*

multiplication

/

division

%

modulus

\++

increment

\--

decrement

Assignment operators​

used to assign values to variables

Comparison Operators​

are used to compare two values​

==

equal to

!=

not equal

>

greater than

<

less than

>=

greater than or equal to

less than or equal to

Logical Operators​

used to determine the logic between variables or values

&&

and

| |

or

!

not

String

used for storing text.

\
contains a collection of characters surrounded by double quotes (“)

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you must include an additional header file in the source code, the library

String Concatenation​

The + operator can be used between strings to add them together to make a new string.

Adding Numbers and Strings

* C++ uses the + operator for both addition and concatenation.​
* Numbers are added. Strings are concatenated.

String Length​

use the length() or size() function. It is completely up to you if you want to use length() or size()

Access Strings

referring to its index number inside square brackets \[\].​

\
String indexes start with 0: \[0\] is the first character. \[1\] is the second character, etc

Change String Characters​

refer to the index number, and use single quotes.​

User Input Strings​

It is possible to use the extraction operator >> on cin to display a string entered by a user

getline() function​

* getline() is a standard library function that is used to read a string or a line from an input stream.​
* It takes cin as the first parameter, and the string variable as second​