TOPIC 2 - LIFE FUNCTIONS & HOMEOSTASIS (REGENTS)

Control

Chemicals produced in the endocrine glands (HORMONES) and chemicals produced by nerve cells primarily responsible for communication between cells

Respiration

The process used by ALL organism to produce energy by using oxygen to burn sugar in order to release energy in the form of ATP (organelle used in this process is mitochondria)

Digestion

Breaking large molecules down into smaller molecules

• Proteins are broken down into amino acids

• Carbohydrates and Starches are broken down into simple sugars

• Fats (Lipids) are broken down into fatty acids & Glycerol

Transport

Involves the movement of materials inside the cell as well as the movement between parts of the multicellular organism

Excretion

The removal of all waste produced by the cells of the body

Synthesis

The making or building of large molecules from smaller ones

Photosynthesis

The process of storing the energy from the sun in the chemical bonds of glucose (sugar). Organelle used in this process is chloroplasts

Cellular respiration

Occurs in the mitochondria of all organism both plant and animals

Enzymes

Special proteins that affect the rate of chemical reactions. Enzymes are catalysts used in digestion and synthesis

• Shape: “Lock & Key Model” if it is the wrong shape it will not work

• Temp: Each enzyme works best at a specific temperature

• pH: Each enzyme works best at a specific pH

Dynamic Equilibrium

Steady state-balance: Homeostasis

Negative feedback

Controls hormone levels to maintain homeostasis

Analogy: Thermostat, as the temp in your house goes up, the thermostat turns the heat off; the temp goes down, the thermostat turns on. This maintains a comfortable balance in the home. (How body regulates the amount of sugar in our blood)

Skin and circulatory systems

Body’s primary defense against disease causing pathogens. (immunity) via white blood cells.

Surface receptor protein

Recognize and bind to specific molecules (like hormones or antigens) to help the cell communicate and respond to its environment

A molecule found on the cell membrane that the immune system recognizes as either part of the body or an outside invader

Antigens

Trigger an immune response

Are the receptor proteins on the membrane of pathogens (germs).

Antibodies

Are special proteins produced by the white blood cells that can be thought of as your body’s army to fight diseases

• Antibodies have specific shapes that fit over specific antigens

• When an antibody fits into the antigen (receptor on the pathogen), it blocks communication preventing the pathogen from reproducing and making you sick

Immunity

Our body’s ability to fight disease. Once you have been exposed to a specific virus, white blood cells remember the antigens and produce antibodies that prevents you from getting sick from the same virus or bacteria for the second time

Vaccination

Composed of a weakened or dead virus or bacteria that triggers our white blood cells to produce antibodies to fight a specific pathogen

Diseases

Are causes by pathogens (Virus, bacterium, and fungus or protists)