us history to 1865

colombian exchange

the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the western and eastern hemispheres

henry hudson

he sailed for the dutch east india company in the netherlands; was searching for the northwest passage, but found manhattan in 1609

(objective: trade. NOT CONQUER)

jamestown

first permanent english settlement in north america

indentured servants

a person who has contracted to work for another for a limited period, often in return for travel expenses, shelter, and sustenance

virginia house of burgesses

established on july 30th, 1619; first elected assembly in the new world; has operated continuously through today

puritans

wanted to eliminate all traces of roman catholic ritual and traditions from the anglican church

mayflower compact

a self-governing colony based on majority rule. It also prevented "strangers" from starting a separate colony.

"a city upon a hill"

a phrased coined by john winthrop which became the ideal the new england colonists adopted. It encouraged the Puritans' community in new england would set an example of communal charity, affection, and unity to the world

great migration

usually refers to the migration in the period of english settlers, primarily puritans to massachusetts and the warm islands of the west indies, especially the sugar rich island of barbados

anne hutchinson

was placed on trial for sedition; openly debated interpretation of the bible

roger williams

new england’s most prominent advocate of religious toleration; began to encourage the idea of the church and state be separated

king philip’s war

began in 1675, with an indian uprising against white colonists. a multi-year conflict, the end result was broadened freedoms for white new englanders and the dispossession of the religious indians

bacon’s rebellion

unsuccessful 1676 revolt led by planter nathaniel bacon against virginia governor william berkley’s administration because of governmental corruption and because berkley had failed to protect settlers from indian raids and did not allow them to occupy indian lands

slave code of 1705

1. slaves were property

2. no black people could own weapons or employ a white servant

3. black people had to carry passes to leave the plantation

4. slaves status based on mother’s race

5. religious conversion did not free slaves

middle passage

it was the middle leg in the triangular trading routes linking europe, africa, and america for slaves the voyage across the atlantic

task system

individual slaves were assigned daily jobs, the completion of which allowed them time for leisure or to cultivate crops of their own

stono rebellion

a slave uprising in 1739 in south carolina that led to a severe tightening of the slave code and the temporary imposition of a prohibitive tax on imported slaves

great awakening

fervent religious revival movement in the 1720s through the 1740s that was spread throughout the colonies by ministers like new england congregationalist jonathan edwards and english revivalist george whitefield

french and indian war

known in europe as the seven years’ war, the last (1755-1763) of four colonial wars fought between england and france for control of north america east of the mississippi river

peace of paris, 1783

signed on september 3, 1783; the treaty ending the revolutionary war and recognizing american independence from britain, also established the border between canada and the united states, fixed the western border at the mississippi river, ceded florida to spain

pontiac’s rebellion

a war that was launched in 1763 by a loose confederation of elements of native american tribes primarily from the great lakes region, the illinois country, and ohio country who were dissatisfied with british postwar policies in the great lakes region after the british victory in the french and indian war (1754-1763)

proclamation line of 1763

royal directive issued after the french and indian war prohibiting settlement surveys, and land grants west of the appalachain mountains; caused considerable resentment among colonists hoping to move west

stamp act 1765

parliament required that revenue stamps be affixed to all colonial, printed matter, documents, and playing cards; the stamp act congress met to formulate a response, and the act was repealed the following year

boston massacre

clash between british soldiers and a boston mob, march 5 1770, in which five colonists were killed

boston tea party

on december 16 1773, the sons of liberty, dressed as indians, dumped hundreds of chests of tea into boston harbor to protest the tea act of 1773, under which the british exported to the colonies millions of pounds of cheap- but still taxed- tea, thereby undercutting the price of smuggled tea and forcing payment of the tea duty

first continental congress

as a convention of delegates from twelve colonies (georgia not yet present) that met on september 5 1774, at carpenter’s hall in philadelphia, pennsylvania, early in the american revolution. it was called in response to the passage of the coercive acts (aka intolerable acts by colonial americans) by the british parliament. the intolerable acts had punished boston for the boston tea party

lexington and concord

were the first military engagements of the american revolutionary war. they were fought on april 19 1775 in middlesex county, province of massachusetts bay, within the towns of lexington, concord, lincoln, menotomy (p.d. arlington), and cambridge, near boston. the battles marked the outbreak of open armed conflict between the kingdom of great britain and thirteen of its colonies on the mainland of british america

lord dunmore’s proclamation

also known as dunmore’s “emancipation proclamation,“ is a historical document signed on november 7 1775, by john murray, 4th earl of dunmore, royal governor of the british colony of virginia. the proclamation declared martial law and promised freedom for slaves of american patriots who left their masters and joined the royal forces

common sense

a pamphlet anonymously written by thomas paine in january 1776 that attacked the english principles of hereditary rule and monarchial government

declaration of independence

document adopted on july 4th 1776 that made the break with britain official; drafted by a committee of the second continental congress, including principal writer thomas jefferson

battle of trenton

general william howe captured philadelphia. the victory boosted morale for the colonies and increased enlistments. soldiers also took over 900 prisoners and captured british food and supplies

battle of saratoga

turning point of the war; convinced france that the u.s. could win

william penn

who charles ii awarded land to to cancel a family debt in 1681. the founder of the province of pennsylvania, the english north american colony and the future commonwealth of pennsylvania

quakers

religious group in england and america whose members believed all persons possessed the ‘inner light’ or spirit of god; they were early proponents of abolition of slavery and equal rights for women

freedmen’s bureau

was established in 1865 by congress to help former black slaves and poor white people in the south in the aftermath of the u.s. civil war

black codes

in late 1865, these were designed to restrict freed black peoples’ activity and ensure their availability as a labor force now that slavery had been abolished

redemption

this was the term used by southerners in the post reconstruction era when the democratic party re-assumed control of their local state governments upon the conclusion of reconstruction

dawes severalty act

passed on february 8 1887, it helped to reduce the tribes’ ability to live in their traditional ways, ended communal ownership of the land

vertical integration

when a business expands its control over other businesses that are part of its overall manufacturing process. for example, an oil refining business would be vertically integrated if it owned or controlled pipeline companies, railroads; late 1800s

samuel gompers

1850s; was the most significant single figure in the history of the american labor movement. he founded and was the first president of the american federation of labor (the effort of working people to improve their lives by forming organizations called unions)

pullman factory strike

in 1894, the strike affected much of the country and it had great influence on public opinion on the rights of workers, the role of management, and the role of government in mediating labor unrest

platt amendment

introduced in february 25, 1901 by congress; an amendment to the 1901 army appropriations bill, it put forth seven conditions for the withdrawal of u.s. troops from cuba following the spanish-american war

progressivism

based reform movement that reached its height early in the 20th century and is generally considered to be middle class and reformist in nature. it arose as a response to the vast changes brought by modernization, such as the growth of large corporations and railroads, and fears of corruption in american politics

roosevelt corollary

1904; convinced that all of latin america was vulnerable to european attack; president roosevelt dusted off the monroe doctrine and added his own corollary. while the monroe doctrine blocked further expansion of europe in the western hemisphere, the roosevelt corollary went one step further

radical republicans

after 1860, they wanted reconstruction to protect the rights of all people, and spread those rights and equality to african americans

ku kux klan

from 1868 through the early 1870s, their goals included political defeat of the republican party and the maintenance of absolute white supremacy in response to newly gained civil and political rights by southern black people after the civil war (1861-65)

homestead act

1862, represented the first-ever instance of the u.s. government being willing to transfer large tracts of the public domain to individual settlers. each settler filing a claim was entitled to up to 160 acres (a quarter section) of unappropriated federal land

standard oil

formed in 1863 by john d. rockefeller, producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company, standard oil dominated the oil products market initially through horizontal integration

settlement houses

also called a community or neighborhood center- is a neighborhood-based organization that provides services and activities designed to identify and reinforce the strengths of individuals, families and communities

the farmers’ alliance

movement of the late nineteenth century evolved into the people’s party aka, the populists. the populists gained momentum at the state and local level in a few places, mainly mid-western and western states

booker t. washington

born a slave on a virginia far; lived from 1856-1915; rose to become one of the most influential african-american intellectuals of the late 19th century

frederick winslow taylor

1856-1915; american industrial engineer, was called the father of scientific management. his management methods for shops, offices, and industrial plants were successful

national reclamation act

act of 1902, also known as the newlands reclamation act, allowed the federal government to commission and fund water irrigation projects, according to the national archives

congressional reconstruction

congress put forth a plan that allowed the south to reenter the nation. they didn’t agree with johnson’s reconstruction plan and set up new guidelines; 1865

enforcement acts

in 1870, also known as the civil rights act of 1870, prohibited discrimination by state officials in voter registration on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

sand creek massacre

brought peace treaties with the apache, kiowa, arapaho, and cheyenne. the treaties ceded the indians last land, the sand creek reservation to the white people. they wandered as nomads until a place was made for the indians in indian territory; november 29 1864

granger laws

were a series of laws passed in several midwestern states of the united states, namely minnesota, iowa, wisconsin, and illinois, in the late 1860s and early 1870s. the main goal of the grange was to regulate rising fare prices of railroad and grain elevator companies after the american civil war

knights of labor

a labor union organized in 1869 gave americans a chance to give a say on their wages, working hours, working conditions, etc.

pendleton civil services act

january 16 1883; stipulated government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit. the act provided selection of government employee’s competitive exams, rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation. it also made it illegal to fire or demotes government employees for political reasons

plessy v ferguson

1869 u.s. supreme court case ruled on the concept of ‘separate but equal’ and set back civil rights in the united states for decades to come

eugene v debs

debs was involved in the pullman strike in 1894, american social and labor leader; candidate for u.s. president five times between 1900 and 1920

margaret sanger

1879-1966 was the nation’s most important birth control advocate in the early twentieth century, worked to educate women about the reproductive process to allow them to choose when and whether to bear children

ida wells-barnett

african-american journalist and activist who led an anti-lynching crusade in the united states in the 1890s

abolitionism

belief that slavery should be abolished

early 1800s, ppl in North thought slaves should be freed immediately without compensation to slave owners

important factor leading to Civil War

Harriet Tubman, John Brown, Fred Douglas, William Lloyd Garrison

john adams

late 1700s

a Founding Father

signer of the Dec. of Indp.

second president 1797-1801, after Washington
Adams and Washington--only presidents from Federalist Party

presidency marked by diplomatic changes, he avoided war with France

Alien and Sedition Acts--passed while he in office

john quincy adams

political leader, 1800s

son of John Adams

president from 1825-1829 between Monroe and Jackson

defeat of Adams by uneducated Jackson in pres. election-- considered a turning point in the journey towards Democracy in US politics

samuel adams

political leader--American Rev. War

Stamp Act-Dec. of Indp, he was most effective organizer in Mass. of opposition to British rule

cousin of John Adams

a brewer

alamo

a fort, once a chapel

San Antonio, TX

where a group of Americans stood v. a large Mexican force in 1836 during war for TX indp. from Mexico

Mexicans besieged the Alamo and killed all of the defenders, Davy Crockett

rallying under the cry "Remember the Alamo!"--Texans forced Mexicans to recognize the indp of Repub. of TX

alien and sedition acts

series of laws, passing during pres of John Adams

sought to restrict the public activities of political radicals who sympathized with the French Rev. and criticized Adams' Federalist policies

in response, Madison and Jefferson wrote the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions--asserting States' rights

the american crisis

series of pamphlets written by Thomas Paine during Rev. War, Paine discussed issues of the Rev.

first pamphlet begins: "these are the times that try men's souls"

antebellum

descriptive term for objects and institutions, especially houses that originated 3/4 decades before the Civil War

latin: "before the war"

johnny appleseed

American folk hero who estb. an apple tree nursery in PA

he traveled through PA, OH, IN, IL planting apple seeds and encouraging settlers to start orchards

real name: John Chapman

appomattox court house

village in Virgina where General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant April 1865, effectively ending the Civil War

benedict arnold

american general of Rev. War

performed notably in early days of war, but became bitter over several setbacks to his career

Planned to betray British after recieving command of West Point, plan revealed when US forces captured Major John Andre--british army--carrying messages btwn arnold and british

escaped to eng, continued a military career

widely scorned by english

calling someone a "Benedict Arnold": labeling a person a traitor

articles of confederation

agreement among 13 original states, approved 1781

provided a loose fed. gvt. before the present constitution went into effect 1789

no chief exec. and the legislature of the confederation had no authority to collect taxes

crispus attacks

black sailor killed in boston massacre

said--he was among first americans to die in struggle for liberty

benjamin banneker

african american scientist

taught himself calculus and trig in order to make astronimical calculations for almanacs

hailed by abolitionists for proving: "the powers of the mind are disconnected with the color of your skin"

bill of rights

first 10 ammendments of constitution of US

protect freedom of speech, religion, assembly and press, restrict right of search and seizure etc..

amendements passed by first congress under the constitution and ratified by the states 1791

blue and the gray

Union and Confederate armies in civil war

union--wore blue uniforms

confederate--wore gray

daniel boon

american frontier settler

best known: for exploration and settlement of Kentucky

john wilkes booth

assassin of Lincoln

act, fanactically devoted to Confederate cause in civil war

died after killing pres of gun shot wounds, poss inflicted by himself

boston massacre

clash btwn. british troops and boston townsppl--1770 before Rev. War

british fired into a crowd threatening them

killing 5, Crispus Attucks

soliders sent to help gvt. maintain order and resented even before incident

killings increased colonists inclination toward rev

boston tea party

act of defiance toward british gvt by American colonists, 1773, before Rev War

british gvt, given a british co. right to sell tea directly to the colonies, undercutting US merchants

group of oclonists found a ship in boston harbor, loaded with co's tea, dressed as indians, boarded the ship and threw 100s of tea chests into harbor

british gvt. tried to punish the colonists by closing the port of boston, but this only intensified american resistence to british king

john brown

abolitionist who sought to free slaves by military force

led several attacks in Kansas

1859 he and followers took over a fed. arsenal at Harpers Ferry, VA, detachment of Marines, captured Brown

he was tried for treason, convicted and hung

Roberrt E. Lee led Marines who captured Brown

became a matyr in death for abollitionists

pop song sang in north civil war-- "john brown's body lies-a mold'ring in the grave.."

battle of bull run

first battle of civil war

fought in VA near D.C.

victory--confed. army

humiliated the north and forced it to prepare for long war

second battle of bull run

a year later, confeds won near same spot as before

south referred to these 2 encounters as first and second battles of Manassas

battle of bunker hill

first battle of Rev. War

fought near Boston 1775

british drove americans from fort at breed's hill to bunker hill, after americans had run out of gunpowder

before retreating, americans killed many british troops

encouragment for the colonies, proved american forces with enough supplies could inflict heavy losses

"Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes"--William Prescott, in battle said

aaron burr

VP first term of Jefferson pres

killed Hamilton in Burr-Hamilton Duel, career declined

later involved in conspiracy to sever the western states and territories from the union

tried for treason but acquited

butt-hamilton duel

duel fought 1804 Burr and Hamilton

both had been bitter poltical opponents, Burr shot and killed Hamilton

john c calhoun

leading southern politican

served VP to John Quincy Adams and Jackson

elected senator from SC

championed slavery and states' rights

led the Nullification movement

opposed protective tariffs

became obsessed with South's minority status with finding ways to protect slavery

his influence helped point the south toward Secession and the civil war

kit carson

skilled frontier trapper and guide

opened territory of Cali to settlement from US

general on the union side--civil war

moved lots of Navajos by forced, many died in journey

battles of chancellorsville

civil war battle, VA 1863

south led by Lee and Jackson, defeated a larger northern army

Jackson accidentally shot and killed by his own men after the battle

cherokees

native american tribe, lived in SE

known as one of the "civilized tribes" because they built schools and published a newspaper

US gvt forcibly removed the tribe to reservations west of Mississippi river

civil war

fought btwn Union & Confederates 1861-65

Confederacy sought to estb. separation from Union

known asL War for Southern Indp and War between the States

grew from deep-seated social and economic structure differences, mostly over slavery

Secession of southern states, after Lincoln elected began

began with attack on Fort Sumter

most battles took place in south

civil war--most serious test yet of the abillity of the US to remain one nation

henry clay

a Whig political leader

known for his efforts to keep the US one nation despite controversy among americans v. slavery

represented Kentucky, House of Reps and in Senate

known as: Great Pacificator due to his big role in prod Missouri Comp and Comp of 1850

"I would rather be a right than a president"

compromise of 1850

set of laws passed

attempted to give something pro and v. slavery

admitted Cali to US as a "free" state

allowed some newly acquired territories to decide on slavery on own

fugitive slave act

shows how difficult the argument of slavery was

failed to prevent civil war,broke out 10 years later

confederacy

confederate states of america

formed 1861

southern states proclaiming their secession from the US

dissolved after civil war

confederate

descrip term for the institutions and ppl of confed

constitution

fundamental law of the US

drafted in philly 1787, ratified 1788,put into effect 1789

estb. strong central gov in place of Articles of Confed