Spinal anatomy part 1 boards

Endoderm

innermost germ layer; develops into the linings of the digestive tract and much of the respiratory system

notochord forms

nucleus pulposus

subgroups of the mesoderm

paraxial

intermediate

lateral

Paraxial Region of Mesoderm

sclerotome

dermatome

myomtome

epimere and hypomere come from what region

mesoderm

intermediate region of mesoderm creates?

urogenital system (gonads), adrenal cortex

lateral region of the mesoderm creates?

somatic: pelvic skeleton, limbs

Splanchnic: circulatory system, smooth muscle of organs

Ectoderm

outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin

neural tube creates

brain and spinal cord, posterior pituatary, retina of eye, oligodendrocytes

the alar plate comes from __________ and becomes

ectoderm becomes posterior horn of spinal cord= sensory

basilar plate come from and becomes?

ectoderm becomes anterior horn of spinal cord=motor

spina bifida occulta

lamina fail to fuse; tuft of har growth over site

meningocele

herniation of the meninges

myelocele

herniation of the spinal cord

meningomyelocele

spinal cord and meninges protrude out

arnold chiari syndrome type 1

cerebellar peduncles come below foramen magnum

arnold chiari syndrome type 2

Type 1 + meningomyelocele (usually in lumbar spine)

cleft plate

failure of maxillary and palatine bones to fuse

Anencephaly

absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp that occurs during embryonic development

what vitamin prevents CNS pathologies

B9 (folic acid, methyl folate, tetrahydrofolate)

Chondrification

mesoderm being replaced by cartilage

Ossification

bone formation or mesoderm tissue to cartilage to bone

intramembranous ossification

Conversion of mesenchyme into bone. forms clavicle, flat bones, cranial bones

endochondral ossification

Process of transforming mesoderm tissue to cartilage into bone.

Secondary ossification centers

tip of SP, tip of TP, tip of dens, mamillary processes

components of the foregut

oral cavity/pharynx/trachea

esophagus

stomach

liver

gallbladder

spleen

pancreas

first 1/3 of duodenum

blood supply to foregut

celiac artery

nerve supply to foregut

Vagus

Components of midgut

Distal half of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

blood supply to midgut

superior mesenteric artery

nerve supple to midgut

vagus

components of hindgut

-distal 1/3 transverse colon

-descending colon

-sigmoid

-rectum

blood supply too hindgut

inferior mesenteric artery

nerve supply to hindgut

S2-4 pelvic splanchnics

primary vesicles

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

prosecephalon secondary vesicles

telencephalon

Diencephalon

rhombencephalon becomes

metencephalon and myelencephalon

walls of the telencephalon

cerebral hemispheres

cerebral cortex

Basal ganglia

Hippocampus

The walls of the diencephalon form the

hypothalamus

thalamus

epithalamus=pineal gland

acronym for secondary vesicles

Touch

Downs

Make

Me

Money

walls of the mesencephalon

midbrain

wall of the metencephalon

I met my pons @ the cerebellum

pons

cerebellum

the walls of the myelencephalon give rise to what?

medulla

cavities of telencephalon

lateral ventricles

foramen of monroe

cavities of diencephalon

3rd ventricle

cavities of the metencephalon

4th ventricle

cavities of mesencephalon

cerebral aqueduct of sylvius

the cavities of the myelencephalon give rise to what?

floor of 4th ventricle

cisterna magna

flow of cerebrospinal fluid through the brain

-produced by choroid plexus of lateral ventricles

-foramen of monroe

-3rd ventricle

-cerebral aqueduct

-fourth ventricle

-median aperture

-central canal

-external surfaces of brain and spinal cord

-arachnoid villi

-reabsorbed into venous blood of superior sagittal sinus

Block in CSF flow

hydrocephalus

1st mandibular arch cranial nerve

5 V

2nd hyoid pharyngeal arch cranial nerve

7 VII

3rd thymus pharyngeal arch

9 IX

4th-6th thyroid and cricoid pharyngeal arch cranial nerve

10 X

cartilaginous component to mandibular pharyngeal arch

mandible

tympanic membrane

malleus

incus

cartilaginous component to hyoid pharyngeal arch

stapes

styloid process

lesser horn and upper part of body of hyoid

cartilaginous component of thymus pharyngeal arch

greater horn and lower part of hyoid

cartilaginous component to thyroid and cricoid pharyngeal arch

laryngeal cartilage

muscles in the mandibular arch

muscles of mastication

tensor tympani

tensor veli

anterior belly of digastric

muscles in the hyoid arch

muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, posterior belly of the digastric

muscles in the thymus arch

stylopharyngeal (pharynx)

muscles in the thyroid and cricoid arch

cricothyroid

levator veli palatini

muscles of larynx

olfactory formen/bone

cribiform plate/ethmoid

optic foramen/bone

optic foramen/sphenoid

Trochlear n. foramen/bone

superior orbital fissure of sphenoid

trigeminal foramen/bone

none

V1 opthalamic foramen/bone

superior orbital fissure/sphenoid

V2 maxillary foramen/bone

foramen rotundum/sphenoid

V3 Mandibular foramen/bone

ovale/sphenoid

Abducens foramen/bone

superior orbital fissure of sphenoid

facial nerve foramen/Bone

internal auditory meatus/stylomastoid foramen/temporal piecres parotid gland

vestibulocochlear nerve foramen/bone

internal auditory meatus/temporal

glossopharyngeal nerve foramen/bone

jugular foramen (temporal and occipital)

vagus nerve foramen/bone

jugular foramen (temporal and occipital)

spinal accessory nerve foramen/bone

jugular foramen/temporal/occipital

hypoglossal foramen/bone

hypoglossal foramen/occiput

origin and insertion of temporalis

origin: temporal fossa

insertion: coronoid process of mandible

origin and insertion of massester

o: zygomatic bone

I: external angle of jaw

origin and insertion of internal pterygoid

O: medial pterygoid process

I: internal angle of jaw

origin and insertion of external pterygoid

O: lateral pterygoid

I: Disc of TMJ

which muscle of mastication opens and protrudes the jaw

external pterygoid

which muscle elevates the eyebrow and wrinkles forehead

frontalis

which muscle closes lips and is the kissing muscle

orbicularis orris

which msucle closes the eye

oribucularis oculi

which muscle elevates corners of mouth "smiling muscle"

zygomaticus major

which muscle compresses the cheeks

buccinator

which muscle depresses the mandible

platysma

which muscle depresses and protrudes lower lip "Pout"

mentalis

which muscle is responsible for furrow of the eyebrow

corrugator supercilli

Astrocytes

form blood brain barrier in CNS

Microglia

macrophages of the CNS

ependymal cells

lines ventricles in the brain; help with CSF production

Oligodendrocytes

Form myelin sheath in CNS

Demylination of CNS

multiple sclerosis

Schwann cells

produce myelin in PNS

Demyelination of PNS is associated with what condition?

Guillain-Barre AKA post infectious polyradiculopathy

gap in the myelin sheath between adjacent schwann cells

Node of Ranvier

myenteric plexus

responsible for peristalsis (Auerbach's)

dendrites

receive messages from other cells

axons

Carry impulses away from the cell body