BIO (2) PART 1 (GOD HELP ME)

A CHART THAT DIAGRAMS THE INHERITANCE OF A TRAIT OR HEALTH CONDITION THROUGH GENERATIONS OF A FAMILY

PEDIGREE ANALYSIS

STUDY OF GENES

GENETICS

VARIANT OF A GENE IS CALLED ?

ALLELE

AN ALLELE THAT IS EXPRESSED IF PRESENT IN GENOTYPE

DOMINANT ALLELE

AN ALLELE WHOSE EXPRESSION IS MASKED BY DOMINANT ALLELE

RECESSIVE ALLELE

AN INDIVIDUALS ALLELE COMBINATION FOR A PARTICUALR GENE

GENOTYPE

PROCESSING IDENTICAL ALLELES OF ONE GENE

HOMOZYGOUS

PROCESSING DIFFERENT ALLELES OF ONE GENE

HETEROZYGOUS

AN OBSERVABLE CHARACTERISTIC

PHENOTYPE

HOMOZYGOUS; SELF FERTILIZATION YIELDS OFFSPRING IDENTICAL TO SELF FOR GIVEN TRAIT

TRUE BREEDING

HETEROZYGOUS; SELF FERTILIZATION YIELDS OFFSPRING WITH MIZED GENOTYPES AND PHENOTYPES

HYBRID

2 ALLELES FOR A HERITABLE CHARACTER SEGREGATE DURING GAMETE FORMATION AND END UP IN DIFFERENT GAMETES

LAW OF SEGREGATION

EACH PAIR OF FACTORS SEPARATES OF OTHER PAIRS, ALL POSSIBLE COMBINATIONS OF THE FACTORS CAN OCCUR IN THE GAMETES

LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

GENE THAT DETERMINES A CHARACTER IS LOCATED ON THE SEX CHROMOSOME

SEX LINKED TRAIT

A SEX LINKED TRAIT IS WHERE THE GENE OR ALLELE FOR THE TRAIT IS FOUND ON THE X CHROMOSOME

X LINKED TRAIT

A SEX LINKED TRAIT IS WHERE THE GENE OR ALLELE FOR THE TRAIT IS FOUND ON THE Y CHROMOSOME

Y LINKED TRAIT

ANY TRAIT IN DIPLOID ORGANISM WHOSE EXPRESSION IS AFFECTED BY AN INDIVIDUAL’S BIOLOGICAL SEX; A TRAIT THAT OCCURS AT A HIGHER FREQUENCY IN 1 SEX OVER THE OTHER

SEX INFLUENCED TRAIT

ANY TRAIT A DIPLOID ORGANISM WHOLE EXPRESSION IS LIMITED TO JUST 1 BIOLOGICAL SEX

SEX LIMITED TRAITS

TYPE OF INHERITANCE IN WHICH 2 VERSIONS OF THE SAME GENE ARE EXPRESSED SEPARATELY TO YIELD DIFFERENT TRAITS IN AN INDIVIDUAL

CO DOMINANCE

FORM OF GENE INTERACTION IN WHICH BOTH ALLELES OF A GENE AT A LOCUS ARE PARTIALLY EXPRESSED, OFTEN RESULTING IN AN INTERMEDIATE OR DIFFERENT PHENOTYPE

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

WHEN THERE ARE MORE THAN 2 ALLELES FOR A GIVEN LOCUS OR TRAIR, THIS WILL RESULT IN MORE THAN 2 KINDS OF PHENOTYPES THAT MAY BE EXPRESSED FOR THAT TRAIT

MULTIPLE ALLELES

THE WAY IN WHICH GENES AND THEIR CORRESPONDING TRAITS ARE PASSED FROM PARENTS TO OFFSPRING BY MEANS OF DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE ALLES

MENDELIAN INHERITANCE

TYPE OF MENDELIAN INHERITANCE

COMPLETE DOMINANCE

THE PATTERN OF INHERITANCE IN WHICH THE TWO ALLELES ARE NEITHER DOMINANT NOR RECESSIVE

NON MENDELIAN INHERITANCE

TYOPES OF NON MENDELIAN INHERITANCE

CO DOMINANCE

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

MULTIPLE ALLELES

TRAITS THAT APPEAR IN BOTH SEXES BUT IS EXPRESSED IN DIFFERENT DEGREES IN EACH SEX

AUTOSOMAL TRIATS

IT IS A LONG CHAIN MOLECULE MADE UP OF A REPEATED PATTERN OF MONOMERS

POLYMER

STORES RNA AND PROTEIN ENCODING INFO, TRANSFERS INFO TO NEXT GENERATION F CELLS

DNA

CARRIES PROTEIN ENCODING INFO, HELPS TO MAKE PROTEINS; CATALYZES SOME REACTIONS

RNA

COMPONENTS OF NUCLEOTIDES

NITROGENOUS BASE

PENTOSE SUGAR

PHOSPHATE GROUP

2 NUCLEOTIDES ARE BONDED BY….

PHOSPHODIESTER BOND

SOME FUNCTIONS OF PROTEIN

STORES AMINO ACIDS

TRANSPORTS SUBSTANCES

ACCELERATES CHEMICAL REACTION

PROTECTION AGAINST DISEASES

PROCESS OF MAKING AN IDENTICAL COPY OF A DNA MOLECULE

DNA REPLICATION

ONE OF THE OLD 2 STRANDS OF DNA IS CONSERVED TO BE PUT IN EACH DAUGHTER MOLECULE

SEMI CONSERVATIVE REPLICATION

DNA ELONGATES IN WHAT DIRECTION

5’ TO 3’ (ALWAYS)

NUCLEOTIDES ADD TO WHAT CARBON

3’ CARBON END OF A STRAND

REPLICATION WHERE LEADING STRAND IS SYNTHESIZED IN A CONTINUOUS MANNER (5’ TO 3’)

CONTINUOUS REPLICATION

THE LAGGING STRAND IS PRODUCED DISCONTINUOUSLY IN SHORT STRETCHES CALLED

OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS

WHAT SEPARATES THE STRANDS

HELICASE

PREVENTS UNWOUND STRANDS FROM REJOINING

SINGLE STRAND BINDING PROTEINS

UNTWISTS THE DOUBLE HELIX

TOPOISOMERASE

MAKES A SHORT STRETCH OF RNA ON DNA TEMPLATE

PRIMASE

ADDS DNA NUCLEOTIDES TO RNA PRIMER

DNA POLYMERASE

SYNTHESIZES AT 5’ TO 3’ DIRECTION

LEADING (CONTINUOUS SRAND)

SYNTHESIZES AT 3’ TO 5’ DIRECTION

LAGGING STRAND

SEALS THE SUGAR PHOSPHATE BACKBONE

LIGASE

TYPES OF RNA IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

mRNA

rRNA

tRNA

TYPE OF RNA THAT CARRIES INFO

mRNA

TYEP OF RNA THAT FORMS THE RIBOSOME WHERE THE SITE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS OCCURS

rRNA

TYPE OF RNA THAT CARRIES AMINO ACIDS TO THE RIBOSOME

tRNA

PROCESS IN WHICH A GENES DNA SEQUENCE IS COPIED TO MAKE RNA MOLECULE, TKAES PLACE IN NUCLEUS

TRANSCIPTION

STEP IN TRANSCRIPTION WHEN RNA POLYMERASE BINDS TO A REGION OF A GENE CALLED PROMOTER

INITIATION

WHERE DOES RNA POLYMERASE BIND

PROMOTER

STEP IN TRANSCRIPTION WHERE RNA POLYMERASE ADDS RNA NUCLEOTIDES

ELONGATION

STEP IN TRANSCRIPTION WHERE RNA POLYMERASE REACHERS THE TERMINATOR GENE WHICH SIGNALS THE RELEASE OF NEW mRNA

TERMINATION

“JUNK SEQUENCE”

INTRONS

GOOD SEQUENCE

EXONS

PROCESS IN WHICH GENETIC CODE IN mRNA IS READ TO MAKE PROTEIN; OCCURS IN CYTOPLASM

TRANSLATION

REQUIREMENTS FOR TRANSLATION

mRNA

tRNA

rRNA

AMINO ACIDS

ENZYMES

STEP IN TRANSLATION WHERE SMALL RIBOSOMAL SUBUNIT ATTACHES TO THE mRNA in the VICINITY OD THE STRART CODON

INITIATION

STEP IN TRANSLATION WHERE POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN INCREASES IN LENGTH

ELONGATION

STEP IN TRANSLATION WHERE STOP CODON APPEARS AT SITE A

TERMINATION

ALSO KNOWN AS ARTIFICIAL SELECTION, IA A PROCESS USED BY HUMANS TO DEVELOP NEW ORGANISMS WITH DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS

SELECTIVE BREEDING

USES INTERBREEDING OR CLOSELY DISTANT RELATED INDIVIDUALS TO PRODUCE NEW VARIETIES OR LINES WITH DESIRABLE PROPERTIES

CLASSICAL BREEDING

INVOLVES THE USE OF MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES TO MODIFY THE TRAITS OF A TARGET ORGANISM

GENETIC ENGINEERING

WHAT DO YOU CALL THE MANIPULATION OF ORGANISMS OR THEIR COMPONENTS TO MAKE USEFUL PRODUCTS

BIOTECHNOLOGY

IT IS A MOLECULE CONTAINING DNA FROM 2 DIFFERENT SOURCES, VERY OFTEN DIFFERENY SPECIES

RECOMBINANT DNA

IT IS AN INDIVIDUAL THAT RECEIVES RECOMBINANT DNA

TRANSGENIC ORGANISM

ROLE OF RESTRICTION ENZYMES IN GENETIC ENGINEERING

THEY CUT DNA AT SPECIFIC SEQUENCES

WHAT IS USED TO INSERT PLASMIDS

GENE GUN

HOW ARE PLASMIDS INSERTED

HEAT SHOCK TREATMENT

IS A TECHNIQUE USED TO SEPARATE DNA FRAGMENTS ACCORDING TO THEIR SIZE

GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

WHY IS HEAT SHOCK USED IN BACTERIAL TRANSFORMATION EXPERIMENTS

TO MAKE BACTERIAL MEMBRANE MORE PERMEABLE TO DNA