AP2: CHAPT 23 A&B

a. label the four general functions of the respiratory system for gas exchange

• #1: _______: air moves into and out of the respiratory passages

• #2: _______: gas diffusion across alveoli; O2 moves from the air into blood; CO2 diffuses out of the blood and joins the air in the alveoli

• #3: ______: gas travels in blood to and from cells

• #4: ______: gas exchange at the tissues involves movements of oxygen from blood to the tissues, while CO2, exits the cells to enter the blood

ventilation, pulmonary respiration, gas transport, systemic respiration

a. the following parts of the respiratory tract these belong to..?

• _______: external nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

• _______: trachea, bronchi, lungs

upper respiratory, lower respiratory

a. know the seven structures to acquire oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

• #1: _______: for air inspiration

• #2: _______: clean, warm, and humidify air

• #3: _______: common passageway for food and air

• #4: _______: voice box, keeps airway patent

• #5: _______: air cleaning tube into the lungs

• #6:_______: tubes that direct air into the lungs

• #7: _______: network of alveoli and capillaries for gas exchange

external nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

a. understand the basic structures of the nose/nasal cavity

• __: hyaline cartilage covered by skin

• __: extends from the nares (nostrils) to the choanae (openings into the pharynx) WHICH has structures like:

  • _____: inside nares lined with stratified squamous epithelium

  • _____: floor of nasal cavity covered by highly vascular mucous membrane

  • _____: partition dividing cavity. anterior cartilage; posterior vomer and perpendicular plate of ethmoid

  • _____: bony ridges on lateral walls with meatuses between which increase surface area for warming + opens to paranasal sinuses and to nasolacrimal duct

external nose, nasal cavity, vestibule, hard palate, nasal septum, conchae

a. what functions do these describe?

• air passageway, cleans, and humidifies warm air

• contains olfactory epithelium for sense of smell

• paranasal sinuses are resonating chambers for speech

nasal cavity

• __________: balances air pressure between middle ear and atmosphere + drains fluids from the middle ear + opens into the nasopharynx (upper throat)

• _______: drains tears from the eyes into the nasal cavity > this duct then opens into the inferior meatus (groove under one of the nasal conchae)

auditory tube, nasolacrimal duct

a. know the parts of this:

• ______: common opening for digestive and respiratory system and contains 3 regions

  • _______: pseudo stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

    • openings of eustachian tubes are for _______ fluids and balancing _______

    • houses the adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils)

    • floor is the soft palate and uvula

  • ______: lined with moist stratified squamous epithelium. shared with the digestive system. Contains the palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils

  • _____: inferior to the oropharynx epiglottis to esophagus

    • lined with moist stratified squamous epithelium

    • anteriorly opens into larynx and posteriorly into the esophagus

pharynx, nasopharynx, draining, pressure, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

a. know

• ______: cartilaginous structure that connects the pharynx to the trachea + voice box that houses ligaments

• contains unpaired cartilages

  • _____: largest, Adam’s apple

  • _____: most inferior, base of larynx

  • _____: a flap that covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent food from entering. attached from thyroid cartilage; made of elastic cartilage

• contains paired cartilages

  • _____: attached to cricoid

  • _____: attached to arytenoids

  • _____: contained in mucous membrane anterior to cornciulate

larynx, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis, arytenoid, cornciulate, cuneiform

a. _____: folds that do not make a sound + act more like a protection or a second line of defense (aka backup singers; present but not the main ones singing)

b: ____: they actually vibrate to make a sound. when air passes through them, they move and produce your voice. they can tighten loosen, or open up-which changes pitch.

IN SHORT:

• _____: don’t make a sound

• _____: do make a sound

• _____: the gap where the action happens

vestibular folds, vocal folds

• Be able to discuss the structure of the trachea: cartilage, lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells = mucociliary escalator, left and right primary bronchi

-   Trachea: extends from larynx towards the lungs (it is a tube of dense regular connective tissue and smooth muscle

o   Supported by 15-20 hyaline cartilage C-shaped rings (tracheal rings) open posteriorly.

o   Posterior surface is elastic ligamentous membrane and bundles of smooth muscle called the trachealis muscle

o   Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

o   Esophagus lies posterior to the cartilage-free wall of the trachea

o   Trachea divides into: left and right main or primary bronchi

§  Carina: cartilage at bifurcation. The membrane is sensitive to irritation and inhaled objects which initiate the cough reflex and helps prevent foreign material getting into lungs

IGNORE BE ABLE

• Know the PLEURA cavities with fluid

• _____: adherent to the lung + simple squamous epithelium + serous

• _____: adherent to internal thoracic wall

• _____: surrounds each lung and is formed by the pleural membranes from the thoracic cavity

visceral pleura, parietal pleura, pleural cavity

• _____: smooth muscle releaxes

  • if there is decreased resistance to air flow, air flow _____?

• ____: smooth muscle contracts

  • theres increased resistance to air flow so that airflow ____?

• _____: inflammatory reaction causes severe bronchoconstriction

bronchodilation, increases, bronchoconstriction, decreases, asthma attack

• Know the terminal bronchioles to alveoli: Terminal bronchioles → Respiratory bronchioles →

Alveolar ducts → alveolar sacs → alveoli

-   Terminal bronchioles: no cartilage in walls, but prominent smooth muscle; lined with ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium

-   Respiratory bronchioles:

-   Alevolar ducts:

IGNORE KNOW

• ______: thin squamous epithelial cells, form 90% of surface of alveolus. gas exchange.

• _____: round or cube-shaped secretory cells. produce surfactant that makes it easier for the alveoli to expand during inspiration

• _____: AKA alveolar macrophages remove debris to nearby lymphatics

type I pneumocytes, type II pneumocytes, dust cells

• alveoli lined with simple squamous cells are what kind of pneumocyte?

• alveoli and capillaries are the ____ _____ where pulmonary gas is exchanged

type I pneumocyte, respiratory membrane

a. how many lobes does the right lung have?

b. how many lobes does the left have?

3, 2

a. identify these two sources of circulation

• ______: pulmonary arteries bring deoxygenated blood to lungs from the right side of the heart.

  • blood leaves with the pulmonary veins and returns to the left side of the heart with oxygenated blood

• ______: bronchial artery

  • oxygenated blood travels to the tissues of the bronchi. Bronchial arteries (branches of the thoracic aorta) to capillaries

  • part of this now deoxygenated blood exits through the bronchial veins to the azygous

b. what sources of blood do these go to?

pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation, lungs

a. what does the thoracic wall composition consist of? thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages, sternum, and muscles.

b. what is the space enclosed by the thoracic wall and diaphragm?

• and it changes size during ….

thoracic cavity, pulmonary ventilation

a. diaphragm, external intercostals, pectorals minor, and scalene muscles - these muscles are for what?

• increase/decrease volume of cavity during quite inspiration and forced expiration?

b. internal intercostals, and assistance from abdominal muscles - these muscles are for what?

• increase/decrease volume of cavity during quite inspiration and forced expiration?

inspiration, increase, expiration, decrease

*Understand Boyle’s Law

a. what is the law equation?

b. what does P stand for

c. what does V stand for

d. what does K stand for

e. air flows down its pressure gradient from ____ pressure to _____ pressure

P= k/V, gas, pressure, constant at a given temperature, higher, lower

a. what law is this describing: the total pressure is the sum of the individual pressures of each gas: nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

Dalton’s law

a. what law is this describing: concentration of gas in a liquid that is determined by partial pressure and its solubility coefficient at a given temperature

Henry’s law

a. know these terms:

• ______: measures volumes of air that move into and out of the respiratory system

• _____ volumes:

  • _______: amount of air inspired or expired with each breath. @ rest: 500mL

  • _______: amount that can be inspired forcefully after inspiration of the tidal volume (@ rest: 3000mL

  • ______: amount that can be forcefully expired after expiration of the tidal volume (1100 mL at rest)

  • _____: volume still remaining in respiratory passages and lungs

spirometer, pulmonary, tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume

a. _____: number of breaths taken per minute

b. _____: total air moved into and out of the respiratory system each minute; tidal volume X respiratory rate

c: ______: measure of volume of air available for gas exchange per minute

respiratory rate, minute volume, alveolar ventilation

identify!!!
a. _____: conducting zone that spaces formed by nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles

b. _____: anatomic dead space plus the volume of any alveoli in which gas exchange is less than normal

anatomic dead space, physiological dead space

NO

NO