PSY263 Unit 3 Exam: Dr. Heidenreich ISU

will be added to until 4/13

what role does the hypothalamus have in emotion?

releases corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)

what role does the anterior pituitary gland have in emotion?

releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

what role does the adrenal cortex have in emotion?

releases cortisol

what does cortisol do in the body?

elevates blood sugar and metabolic rate, prepares body to response

what nervous system is responsible for emotion?

autonomic NS —> sympathetic NS

what is the step-by-step process that happens in the body for emotion to occur?

hypothalamus releasing CRF, anterior pituitary gland releasing ACTH, adrenal cortex releases cortisol

what is the james lange theory?

body reacts first, then the emotion (see snake, heart races, then fear)

stimulus —> autonomic arousal, muscle tension —> emotion (perception leads to particular label of emotion)

what is the evidence for james-lange theory?

1. spinal cord injury —> less emotional experience (emotions come from bodily changes, disruption in body changes leads to feeling less)

2. locked in syndrome (damage to brainstem, no motor function) —> Absence of body movement → absence of sensation → absence of emotionality

what is the cannon-bard theory?

emotion and body reactions happen simultaneously (see snake, heart races and feeling fear)

stimulus —> autonomic arousal, muscle tension (nonspecific) —> emotion (both caused by non-conscious effect of stimulus on brain)

what part of the brain is responsible for emotions?

amygdala

what happens in the central nucleus of the amygdala for emotions to be experienced?

neurons are activated by threatening stimuli that then receives sensory information from thalamus and cortex

what happens if the central nucleus (amygdala) is stimulated in rats?

fear behavior, agitation, affective attack

what happens if the central nucleus (amygdala) is destroyed in rats?

decreased emotional behaviors, lower level of stress hormones, decrease in conditional emotional response (CER), decrease in emotional-enhanced memory formation

what is an important site for benzodiazepine anti-anxiety drugs?

amygdala’s central nucleus

what is emotional expression?

innate, unlearned set of facial movement

what side of the face is more expressive?

left side of face (right hemisphere)

what part of the brain is responsible for facial emotional recognition?

right frontal cortex and amygdala

what happens if the orbitofrontal cortex is damaged?

indifference, inappropriate social behavior, lack of restraint and inhibitions, decreased emotionality, impulsive

what part of the brain is damages in a lobotomy?

orbitofrontal cortex

what happens when there is low levels of serotonin in the orbitofrontal cortex?

aggressiveness

what happens when there are high levels of testosterone in the orbitofrontal cortex?

aggressiveness

sensation definition

trandformation of energy from stimulus into neuronal energy

transduction definition

process of sensation in sensory neurons

perception definition

interpretation and organization of sensation by mind/brain

what are the steps of sensation/perception?

stimulus, sensation (transduction), perception

when sound waves are more complex, there is more…

timbre (being able to tell the diff. btwn a guitar/piano playing same note)

when sound waves have a higher/lower frequency, there is higher/lower…

pitch

when sound waves have a higher/lower amplitude, there is higher/lower…

loudness

what is the structure of the outer ear called?

pinna

what are the structures of the middle ear?

eardrum, bones that transmit vibrations, hammer (malleus), anvil (incus), stirrup (stapes)

what are the parts of the inner ear?

cochlea, vestibular system

what is the cochlea?

snail shaped thing filled with fluid, contains the basilar membrane

what is the process for hearing?

stapes vibrates against the oval window of cochlea, basilar membrane transmits the sounds, hair cells move in the fluid with vibrations that depolarizes the auditory nerve in brain which then causes action potential.

what does place theory say about high pitched sounds?

travel shorter distances on basilar membrane

what does place theory say about low pitched sounds?

travel longer distances on basilar membrane

what kind of sound produces more hearing loss?

loud, low pitched

what is frequency theory?

the number of action potentials on auditory nerve is proportional to frequency of sound

what is the process that causes us to have pitch perception?

cochlea —> auditory nerve (CN8) —> dorsal cochlear nucleus —> (mostly crosses midline) —> inferior colliculus —> medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus —> primary auditory cortex in temporal lobe

what part of the brain contains most of the functions for speech and language?

left hemisphere

what is the right hemisphere responsible for in speech and language?

expression and recognition of emotional content of speech, ability to speak about visual-spatial relations

what is an aphasia?

a deficit in production and/or comprehension of speech caused by brain damage

what is broca’s aphasia?

damage to brocas area in frontal lobe

• poor speech quality, good comprehension

• telegraphic speech

• anomia (difficulty finding words)

• difficulty articulating, slow speech, effort intensive, non-fluent speech

what is wernicke’s aphasia?

damage to wernicke’s area (temporal cortex) and surrounding posterior language area (angular gyrus)

• poor word recognition, poor comprehension

• anomia (difficulty finding words)

• word deafness (can hear noises/sounds, but can’t comprehend words)

• fluent, meaningless speech

• inability to verbalize thoughts

what is broca’s area responsible for?

speech production

what is wernicke’s area responsible for?

speech comprehension

what is anomia?

difficulty finding words

what is pure alexia?

inability to read, but all other language is intact, including writing

what is the problem in perception of pure alexia?

damage to the visual cortex and/or no input from visual cortex to left hemisphere language areas

what is a deficit in whole-word reading?

surface dyslexia: can sound out words, but can’t recognize whole words well

what is a deficit in phonetic reading?

phonological dyslexia: canr ead whole words that are recognized, but can’t sound out new words

what is agraphia?

no writing ability

what is dysgraphia?

impaired writing ability

what is developmental dyslexia?

impairment in reading, often transposing letters and characters

• poor handwriting

• difficulty in using/telling left from right

• difficulty in perception of moving objects

what kind of developmental delays come with developmental dyslexia?

motor abilities and coordination, spatial reasoning, attention

what part of the brain is defective in developmental dyslexia?

magnocellular system of vision with input to cerebral cortex

• affects perception of visual info (including words)

when light waves have a longer/shorter wavelength, what changes?

hue (color)

when light waves have a higher/lower amplitude, what changes?

brightness

when a light wave’s purity changes, what changes?

saturation

light waves are…

perceptions

what is the corea?

the clear, outside covering of the eye

what is the iris?

colored part of the eye, muscle that opens and closes the pupil

what is the pupil?

hole in the eye that allows light in

what is the lens?

responsible for focusing light

what does the lens do to the image you’re seeing?

it is inverted (upside down) and reversed (mirror image)

what is the retina?

contains sensory cells that transduce light into nervous system activity

what structures are in the retina?

photoreceptors, fovea, optic disk

what are photoreceptors?

rods and cones

what are rods sued for?

light/dark vision

what are cones used for?

colored vision (blue, green, red)

what is the fovea?

highest acuity vision (sharpest/clearest), directly behind pupil where cones are located

what is the optic disk?

(blind spot): few rods and cones because this is where the optic nerve exits the eye. too many axons of retinal ganglion cells so no rods/cones can fit.

photoreceptors contain what?

rhodopsin

what is rhodopsin?

a chemical that breaks light into retinal and opsin

how is adaptation explained in regards to rhodopsin?

rhodopsin can be resynthesized, but it takes time in bright light or darkness

what happens to rhodopsin going from dark to light?

it adjusts fast bc rhodopsin breaks down fast

what happens to rhodopsin going from light to dark?

it adjusts slow because putting rhodopsin back together takes time

what is the process for visual perception?

photoreceptors —> bipolar cells (no visual pigment) —> ganglion cells (no visual pigment)

what are the parts of ganglion cells?

output neurons, amacrine cells, horizontal cells

what are output neurons?

the axons that form the optic nerve - in blind spot

what are amacrine cells?

“side to side” connections between bipolar cells and ganglion cells

what are horizontal cells?

“side to side” connections from the rods/cones to bipolar cells