BIOL 2311 FINAL EXAM

What do we call neuronal processes that transmit membrane potentials away from the neuronal cell body?

axon

List two of the three functional types of articulations.

synarthroses and diarthroses

List two of the three structural types of articulations.

fibrous and synovial

What type of glial cell is responsible for supporting neurons and maintaining the blood/brain barrier?

astrocyte

What is the smallest stimulus that is capable of initiating an action potential called?

threshold

Depolarization is the result of the rapid entry of which ion into the cell?

sodium

Hyperpolarization is the result of the excessive exit of which ion from the cell?

potassium

In the PhysioEx exercise, what was the effect of curare on the nerve?

inhibition

In the PhysioEx exercise, what was the effect of ether on the nerve?

inhibition

In the PhysioEx exercise, what was the effect of lidocaine on the nerve?

inhibition

What are clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the central nervous system called?

nuclei

What are clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system called?

ganglia

What do we call neuronal processes that carry receptors for neurotransmitters and that transmit membrane potentials toward the neuronal cell body?

dendrites

What do we call the period during which an action potential cannot be initiated, regardless of the strength of the stimulus?

absolute refractory period

What do we call the period during which initiation of an action potential requires a higher than normal threshold stimulus?

relative refractory period

What is the functional classification for neurons that carry information from the central nervous system to peripheral effector organs?

motor

What type of glial cell is responsible for acting as phagocytic cells in the central nervous system?

microglia

What type of glial cell is responsible for myelinating axons in the central nervous system?

oligodendrocyte

What type of glial cell is responsible for myelinating axons in the peripheral nervous system?

schwann cell

What type of glial cell is responsible for producing and circulating cerebrospinal fluid?

ependymal cells

What is the functional classification for neurons that carry information from peripheral receptors to the central nervous system?

sensory

A plane of section that runs parallel to the long axis of the body and divides it into right and left portions is called a ____ section

sagittal

A plane of section that runs parallel to the long axis of the body and divides it into unequal right and left portions is called a ____ section

parasagittal

A plane of section that runs parallel to the long axis of the body and divides it into anterior and posterior portions is called a_____section

frontal, coronal

A plane of section that runs perpendicular to the long axis of the body and divides it into superior and interior portions is called a_____section

cross, transverse

the hip is____ to the knee

proximal

The hand is __________ to the elbow.

distal

he spine is __________ to the shoulder blade.

medial

the knee is______to the hip

distal

the knee is______to the foot

proximal

the wrist is_______to the fingers

proximal

the fingers are____to the wrist.

distal

the elbow is_________to the shoulder

distal

the thumb is______to the little finger

lateral

the shoulder blade is____to the spine

lateral

The elbow is __________ to the hand.

proximal

the ears are_____to the nose

lateral, posterior, dorsal

the spine is______to the belly button

posterior, dorsal

the spine is______to the breast-bone

posterior

The spine is __________ to the shoulder blade.

medial

The breast-bone is __________ to the spine.

anterior

The cell completes its division into two daughter cells during which portion of the cell cycle?

cytokinesis

You are examining a microscope slide under the 10X objective lens and you switch to the 4X objective lens. The "height of the focal point" will:

stay the same

You are examining a microscope slide under the 4X objective lens and you switch to the 10X objective lens. The "depth" of the field will:

decrease

You are examining a microscope slide under the 4X objective lens and you switch to the 10X objective lens. The total magnification will:

increase

You are examining a microscope slide under the 10X objective lens and you switch to the 40X objective lens. The depth of field will:

decrease

You are examining a microscope slide under the 4X objective lens and you switch to the 10X objective lens. The "working distance" will:

decrease

You are examining a microscope slide under the 4X objective lens and you switch to the 10X objective lens. The "field of view" will:

decrease

How many phalangeal bones are present in each great toe?

2

You are examining a microscope slide under the 40X objective lens and you switch to the 10X objective lens. The "depth" of the field will:

increase

You are examining a microscope slide under the 10X objective lens and you switch to the 40X objective lens. The "working distance" will:

decrease

You are examining a microscope slide under the 40X objective lens and you switch to the 10X objective lens. The "working distance" will:

increase

You are examining a microscope slide under the 10X objective lens and you switch to the 4X objective lens. The "working distance" will:

increase

You are examining a microscope slide under the 10X objective lens and you switch to the 4X objective lens. The "field of view" will:

increase

You are examining a microscope slide under the 40X objective lens and you switch to the 10X objective lens. The "height of the focal point" will:

stay the same

You are examining a microscope slide under the 10X objective lens and you switch to the 4X objective lens. The "total magnification" will:

decrease

If you are using an objective lens with a power of 10X and ocular lenses with a power of 10X, the total magnification of the specimen will be ____X.

100

If you are using an objective lens with a power of 4X and ocular lenses with a power of 10X, the total magnification of the specimen will be___X

40

If you are using an objective lens with a power of 100X and ocular lenses with a power of 10X, the total magnification of the specimen will be___X

1000

Which objective lens has the greater depth of field: 100X or 40X?

40X

Which objective lens has the greater depth of field: 40X or 4X?

4X

Which objective lens has the greater working distance: 10X or 40X?

10X

Which objective lens has the greater working distance: 4X or 40X?

4X

The ability to discriminate two closely spaced objects as separate is_______

resolution

You are examining a microscope slide under the 10X objective lens and you switch to the 4X objective lens. The "depth of field" will:

increase

If you focus on a specimen using the 4X objective, then switch to the 10X objective, the specimen will still be in focus. This means that the microscope is_______

parfocal

The nuclear membrane disappears during which phase of mitosis?

late prophase

What is the body in which the brain and spinal cord are both located?

dorsal

What is the name of the membrane lining the organ within the pleural cavity?

visceral pleura

What is the body cavity in which the heart, lungs, stomach and urinary bladder are all located?

ventral

What is the body cavity in which the spinal cord is located (by itself)?

spinal

What is the name of the membrane lining the most of the organs within the abdominal cavity?

visceral peritoneum

What is the name of the membrane lining the walls of the pericardial cavity?

parietal pericardium

What paired, cylindrical bodies direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division?

centrioles

What is the body cavity in which the heart is located (by itself)?

pericardial

What is the body cavity in which a single lung is located?

pleural

What is the general term denoting a membrane that lines the walls certain ventral body cavities?

parietal serosa

What is the general term denoting a membrane that lines the organs within certain ventral body cavities?

visceral serosa

What is the body cavity in which the heart and lung are both located?

thoracic

What stack of flattened membranous discs packages proteins and other substances for transport in vesicles?

golgi apparatus

What minute, finger-like projections of the cell membrane serve to increase the surface area of the cell for absorption?

microvilli

What membranous vesicles contain acid hydrolases and serve to digest worn-out organelles and foreign substances that enter the cell?

lysosomes

What membranous vesicles contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals?

peroxisomes

What tiny spherical bodies, composed of RNA and protein, are the actual sites of protein synthesis?

ribosomes

What are the supporting cells of nervous tissue called?

gilal cells, neuroglia

epithelial tissue are classified by what two criteria?

epithelial tissue are classified by what two criteria?

The chromatin condenses during which phase of mitosis?

early prophase

What primary type of tissue consists of one or more cell types embedded within a non-living matrix?

connective

What primary type of tissue occurs along a body surface?

epithelial

What are the cell junctions between cardiac muscle cells called?

intercalated discs

What are the spaces in which chondrocytes reside called?

lacunae

If an epithelial tissue is composed primarily of cells that are higher than they are wide, it is classified as a______epithelium

columnar

If an epithelial tissue is composed primarily of cells that are as high as they are wide, it is classified as a______epithelium

cuboidal

If an epithelial tissue is composed primarily of cells that are flat, it is classified as a______epithelium

squamous

If an epithelial tissue is only one cell layer thick, it is classified as a______epithelium

simple

If an epithelial tissue is more than one cell layer thick, it is classified as a______epithelium

stratifed

What do we call a loose connective tissue containing both collagen and elasin fibers, and in which the primary cell type is fibroblast?

areolar

What do we call a dense connective tissue containing collagen fibers arranged all in one direction and populated primarily by fibroblasts?

dense regular

What do we call a loose connective tissue containing both collagen and elastin fibers, and in which the primary cell type is the fat cell?

adipose

What do we call a dense connective tissue containing a hard, calcified matrix and populated primarily by osteocytes?

bone