APUSH ~ Unit 7

Social Gospel

Christian movement promoting social justice and helping the poor during the Progressive Era.

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption and social issues in the early 1900s.

Initiative

Voters can propose and vote on new laws directly.

Referendum

Citizens vote on laws passed by the legislature.

Recall

Voters can remove elected officials before their term ends.

Australian Ballot

Secret voting method to reduce fraud and voter pressure.

Muller v. Oregon

1908 case that upheld limits on women’s work hours for health reasons.

Lochner v. New York

1905 case that struck down a law limiting bakers’ work hours.

Elkins Act

1903 law banning railroad rebates to promote fair rates.

Meat Inspection Act

1906 law requiring meatpacking plants to meet sanitary standards.

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 law banning contaminated and mislabeled food and drugs.

Hetch Hetchy Valley

California valley dammed for San Francisco’s water; debated by environmentalists.

Dollar Diplomacy

Taft’s policy using U.S. financial power to influence other nations.

Payne-Aldrich Bill

1909 tariff law that barely reduced rates, angering progressives.

New Freedom

Wilson’s reform plan to break trusts and reduce tariffs.

New Nationalism

Roosevelt’s plan for strong government regulation and social reforms.

Ida Tarbell

Muckraker who exposed Standard Oil’s unfair practices.

Henry Demarest Lloyd

Early muckraker who attacked monopolies in Wealth Against Commonwealth.

Thorstein Veblen

Economist who critiqued consumerism in The Theory of the Leisure Class.

Jacob A. Riis

Journalist who exposed tenement life in How the Other Half Lives.

Robert M. "Fighting Bob" La Follette

Progressive Wisconsin governor who pushed reforms like direct primaries.

Hiram W. Johnson

Progressive California governor who fought corporate power and supported isolationism.

Florence Kelley

Advocate for women’s and child labor rights; led the National Consumers League.

Frances E. Willard

Leader of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union; pushed for prohibition and suffrage.

Gifford Pinchot

First U.S. Forest Service head; promoted conservation of resources.

John Muir

Naturalist and founder of the Sierra Club; fought to preserve wilderness.

Herbert Croly -

Progressive thinker whose ideas inspired Roosevelt’s New Nationalism.

Underwood Tariff

1913 law that cut tariffs and introduced a graduated income tax.

Federal Reserve Act

1913 law creating the Federal Reserve to control the money supply.

Federal Trade Commission Act

1914 law creating the FTC to stop unfair business practices.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

1914 law strengthening antitrust laws and protecting unions.

Holding Companies

Firms that buy other companies’ stock to control them.

Workingmen’s Compensation Act

1916 law granting aid to federal workers injured on the job.

Adamson Act

1916 law establishing an 8-hour workday for railroad workers.

Jones Act

1916 law granting Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship and promising Philippine independence.

Tampico Incident

1914 U.S.-Mexico conflict after U.S. sailors were arrested in Mexico.

Central Powers

WWI alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.

Allies

WWI alliance of Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and later the U.S.

U-boats

German submarines used to sink enemy and neutral ships in WWI.

Lusitania

British ship sunk by a U-boat in 1915, killing 128 Americans.

Zimmermann Note

1917 German proposal urging Mexico to attack the U.S.; helped lead to U.S. entry into WWI.

Fourteen Points

Wilson’s WWI peace plan promoting self-determination, free trade, and a League of Nations.

Committee on Public Information

Government agency that used propaganda to build U.S. support for WWI.

Information

Controlled and distributed by the government during WWI to boost support and suppress dissent.

Espionage Act

1917 law banning antiwar activities and interference with the draft.

Schenck v. United States

1919 case upholding limits on free speech during wartime.

War Industries Board

Government agency that coordinated industrial production during WWI.

Industrial Workers of the World

Radical labor union that opposed WWI and advocated for workers’ rights.

Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from the South to Northern cities for jobs during WWI.

Nineteenth Amendment

1920 amendment granting women the right to vote.

Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act

1921 law providing federal funds for maternal and infant health care.

American Expeditionary Forces (AEF)

U.S. troops sent to fight in Europe during WWI.

Château-Thierry, Battle of

Major 1918 battle where American troops helped stop German advance in France.

Meuse-Argonne Offensive

Final Allied push in WWI, led by U.S. forces, helping to end the war.

League of Nations

International peace organization proposed by Wilson; the U.S. never joined.

Treaty of Versailles

1919 treaty that ended WWI and punished Germany harshly.

Irreconcilables

U.S. senators who refused to support the Treaty of Versailles or the League of Nations.

Louis D. Brandeis

First Jewish Supreme Court Justice; supported progressive reforms.

Francisco "Pancho" Villa

Mexican revolutionary who raided U.S. towns, leading to U.S. military intervention.

Arthur Zimmermann

German official who sent the Zimmermann Note urging Mexico to attack the U.S.

George Creel

Head of the Committee on Public Information; used propaganda to promote the war.

Eugene V. Debs

Socialist leader jailed for antiwar speech under the Espionage Act.

William D. "Big Bill" Haywood

IWW leader prosecuted for opposing WWI.

Herbert C. Hoover

Led food relief efforts during WWI; later became president.

Alice Paul

Women’s suffrage leader who pushed for the Equal Rights Amendment.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Republican senator who opposed the Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations.

Bolshevik Revolution

1917 Russian revolution that led to a communist government.

Bible Belt

Region in the South known for strong conservative Christian values.

Red Scare

Fear of communism and radicalism in the U.S. after WWI.

Fundamentalism

Religious movement emphasizing a literal interpretation of the Bible.

Criminal syndicalism laws

Laws banning radical political speech and labor strikes.

American Plan

Anti-union strategy promoting "open shops" (non-union workplaces).

Fordism

Mass production system pioneered by Henry Ford, boosting efficiency and wages.

Immigration Act of 1924

Restricted immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe and banned Asian immigration.

Eighteenth Amendment

1919 amendment establishing Prohibition of alcohol.

Modernism

Cultural movement breaking from tradition in art, literature, and beliefs.

Volstead Act

Law enforcing Prohibition under the 18th Amendment.

Racketeers

Gangsters who used crime and corruption during Prohibition to make money.

Scientific Management

Workplace efficiency method developed by Frederick Taylor.

United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

Marcus Garvey’s movement promoting black pride and migration to Africa.

"Lost Generation"

Disillusioned writers post-WWI who criticized modern society.

Harlem Renaissance

Cultural revival of African American art, music, and literature in the 1920s.

A. Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General who led raids against suspected radicals during the Red Scare.

Nicola Sacco

Italian immigrant and anarchist executed for murder in a controversial trial (1927).

Bartolomeo Vanzetti

Co-defendant of Sacco; their trial symbolized anti-immigrant and anti-radical prejudice.

Horace Kallen

Philosopher who promoted cultural pluralism and immigrant identity preservation.

Randolph Bourne

Intellectual who championed cultural diversity and opposed wartime nationalism.

Al Capone

Notorious gangster during Prohibition; made millions from bootlegging.

John T. Scopes

Tennessee teacher tried for teaching evolution in 1925 "Monkey Trial."

Frederick W. Taylor

Efficiency expert who pioneered scientific management in industry.

Henry Ford

Revolutionized mass production with the assembly line; made cars affordable.

Charles A. Lindbergh

First solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic in 1927.

Margaret Sanger

Birth control activist and founder of Planned Parenthood.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian psychologist who emphasized unconscious desires and sexual drives.

H. L. Mencken

Journalist and critic who mocked American culture and politics.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Novelist of the Jazz Age; wrote The Great Gatsby.

Ernest Hemingway

WWI veteran and writer known for spare style; wrote The Sun Also Rises.

T. S. Eliot

Poet of modern disillusionment; known for The Waste Land.

William Faulkner

Southern writer known for complex narratives; wrote The Sound and the Fury.

Langston Hughes

Key Harlem Renaissance poet who wrote about black life in America.