Exam 3 Patho/Pharm Cardio Pt. 3

primary hypertension

no cause, can be gentic

secondary hypertension

results from an underlying condition such as renal failure

left ventricle can thicken and lead to heart failure

What happens during hypertension

lifestyle changes, diuretics, ACE/ARBS

What is hypertension treated with

Atherosclerosis

plaque build up in the arteries

arteriosclerosis

normal hardening of the arteries

lifestyle changes, statins

what can prevent atherosclerosis progression

Peripheral artery disease

atherosclerosis of arms and legs

claudication

pain with walking usually during PAD

weak pulses, poor skin healing, ulcers

what are symptoms of PAD

walk, monitor hair loss, don’t cross legs, no heat or compression

PAD teaching

Aneurysm

localized artery dilation of weakened vessel wall

beta blockers to lower HR, >5.5 cm need surgery

how are aneurysm treated

aortic dissection

tear in the vessel layers, EMERGENCY

varicose veins

valve failure in the veins causing pooling

compression, elevation, activity

how to manage varicose veins

Deep vein thrombosis

clots in the deep veins often following surgery

stasis, vessel injury, hypercoagulability

What is Virchow’s triad

early movement, compression, anticoagulant

What prevents a DVT

Pulmonary embolism

DVT clot that breaks free and travels to the pulmonary artery blocking blood flow

heparin, thrombolytics

How to treat a pulmonary embolism

aortic stenosis

calcification and scarring of the aortic valve

chest pain, SOB, fainting

classic triad of aortic stenosis

Beta blockers, ACEs, TAVR

how to treat aortic stenosis

Aortic Regurgitation

aortic valve doesn’t fully close allowing blood to backflow into the ventricles, leading to volume overload

wide pulse pressure, water hammer pulse

what is a distinguishing characteristics of aortic regurgitation

vasodilators, ACE/ARBS

treatment of aortic regurgitation

mitral stenosis

scarring of the mitral valve, causing blood to back up into the lungs

dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis, A fib

symptoms of mitral stenosis

diuretics, beta blockers, anticoagulants

how is mitral stenosis treated

mitral regurgitation

leaky valves that don’t fully close, blackflow from ventricle to the atrium during contraction

ACE/ARBs, diuretics

how is mitral regurgitation treated

mitral valve prolapse

valve flaps bulge into atrium during contraction

beta blockers

how to treat mitral valve prolapse

tricuspid and pulmonic valve disease

second to pulmonary hypertension treated with diuretics

radiates to the neck, systolic

what does an aortic stenosis murmur sound like

blowing on the left side, diastolic

what does an aortic regurgitation murmur sound like

rumble at the apex, diastolic

what does a mitral stenosis murmur sound like

radiates to the axilla, holosystolic

what does a mitral regurgitation murmur sound like

Mechanical valve replacement

longer life, require lifelong anticoagulants, audible click

biologic valve replacement

shorter life, minimal anticoagulant, silent

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

minimally invasive, new valve inserted with a catheter through the leg

rheumatic fever

autoimmune disease following a strep infection, causing scarring of the mitral and aortic valves

penicillin, aspirin, erythromycin

how is rheumatic fever treated

infective endocarditis

infection of the hearts inner lining, bacteria enters the bloodstream forming vegetations on the valves, can start from poor dentistry

splinter hemorrhages, janeway lesions, osler nodes

findings of infective endocarditis

IV antibiotics: vancomycin

how to treat infective endocarditis

myocarditis

inflammation of the heart muscle causing weakened contraction

no exercise for 6 months, ACE, beta blockers

management of myocarditis

Pericarditis

inflammation of pericardial sac, pain is better when leaning forward and friction rub

NSAIDS, Colchicine, corticosteroids

how to treat pericarditis

pericardial effusion

fluid around the heart

pericardial tamponade

pressure around the heart that stops filling

Becks triad

muffled heart sounds, JVD, hypotension

pericardiocentesis

immediate drainage of fluid off of the heart