emi summative extras

a family of small, cationic peptides that are produced by the salivary glands. They have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and are particularly effective against fungi such as Candida albicans.

Histatins:

common medication for herpes

Nucleoside Analogs: These drugs inhibit viral replication by interfering with the synthesis of viral DNA. Commonly used nucleoside analogs for herpes treatment include acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir.

Certain topical antiviral creams or ointments may be used to treat herpes lesions on the skin or mucous membranes. Examples include acyclovir cream, penciclovir cream, and docosanol cream.

common medication for the influenza virus

Neuraminidase Inhibitors: Neuraminidase inhibitors are a class of antiviral drugs that work by inhibiting the activity of the neuraminidase enzyme, which is essential for the release of newly formed virus particles from infected cells.

Oseltamivir: This medication is available in oral capsule or suspension form and is typically taken twice a day for a prescribed duration.
Zanamivir: This medication is available as an inhalation powder and is usually administered twice daily for a specified period.

Used to treat various fungal infections, including thrush, vaginal yeast infections, and systemic fungal infections.

Fluconazole

Used to treat skin and nail fungal infections, as well as vaginal yeast infections.

Clotrimazole

Used to treat severe fungal infections, including cryptococcal meningitis and invasive aspergillosis.

Amphotericin B:

Used to treat oral thrush, as well as fungal infections of the skin and nails.

Nystatin:

Used to treat oral thrush and other fungal infections in the mouth, can be administered as a mouthwash or oral tablet.

Ketoconazole:

Available as a gel, lozenge, or oral rinse, commonly used to treat oral thrush and other fungal infections in the mouth.

Miconazole:

Physiological needs:

These are the most basic needs that must be met for survival, including food, water, shelter, sleep, and other bodily requirements.

Safety needs:

Once the physiological needs are met, the next level of needs involves safety and security, including physical safety, emotional security, financial stability, and protection from harm.

Love and belonging needs:

After the physiological and safety needs are met, humans have a need for love, affection, and a sense of belonging, which can be fulfilled through social relationships with family, friends, and community.

Esteem needs:

After the first 3 types of needs the next level of needs involves self-esteem, including self-respect, confidence, and the esteem of others. Esteem needs can be satisfied through achievements, recognition, and social status.

Self-actualization needs:

The highest level of needs is self-actualization, which involves personal growth, fulfilment, and reaching one's full potential. Self-actualization needs can be met through creativity, problem-solving, and fulfilling personal goals.

plaque formation process

Pellicle formation: A layer of protein forms on the surface of teeth, called pellicle. It is formed by the interaction between saliva and the tooth surface.

Bacterial colonization: Bacteria from the mouth adhere to the pellicle, forming a thin film.

Biofilm formation: As the bacteria multiply, they produce a slimy substance that forms a biofilm, which provides them with protection and allows them to adhere more strongly to the tooth surface.

Plaque maturation: Over time, the bacteria in the biofilm mature and begin to produce acids that can damage the tooth enamel and lead to cavities and gum disease.

Calcification

MSX1 gene

One of the key genes which is involved in the development of the dental mesenchyme, a group of cells that give rise to the connective tissues, nerves, and blood vessels of the tooth. Mutations in the this gene have been linked to several tooth anomalies, including missing or extra teeth, abnormally shaped teeth, and delayed tooth eruption.

PAX9 gene

regulates the formation of tooth buds, th.

RUNX2 gene

involved in the differentiation of dental mesenchyme cells into osteoblasts, the cells that form the hard tissues of the tooth

The cochlea

is a coiled tube filled with fluid and lined with hair cells. When sound waves enter the ear, they cause the fluid in the cochlea to move, which in turn causes the hair cells to bend. This bending of the hair cells generates electrical signals that are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve, where they are interpreted as sound.

The vestibular system

consists of three semicircular canals and two otolith organs. The semicircular canals are filled with fluid and lined with hair cells that detect rotational movements of the head. The otolith organs contain tiny crystals that move in response to changes in head position, which in turn stimulates hair cells and sends signals to the brain that help to maintain balance.

The Dahlgren-Whitehead Rainbow

is a conceptual model that illustrates the multiple determinants of health and how they interact with one another.
There are seven bands of the Dahlgren-Whitehead Rainbow mode.

1. Individual Behavior
2. Social and Community Networks
3. Living and Working Conditions
4. Socioeconomic, Cultural, and Environmental Conditions
5. Material Circumstances
6. Social, Cultural, and Political Factors
7. Global Forces

Societal factors:

This includes factors such as political and economic systems, and cultural beliefs and attitudes.

Environmental factors:

This includes the physical and built environment, such as air and water quality, housing, and transportation.

Community factors:

This includes factors related to the local community, such as social support networks, access to services, and social cohesion.

Interpersonal factors:

This includes relationships with family, friends, and colleagues, as well as intimate partner relationships.

Individual factors:

This includes personal characteristics such as age, sex, and genetics, as well as behaviors such as smoking, physical activity, and nutrition.

Health behaviors:

This includes behaviors such as handwashing, vaccination, and use of preventive services.

Health outcomes:

This includes measures of morbidity and mortality, as well as quality of life and well-being.

most common antibodies that recognise and neutralize pathogens, preventing their attachment and invasion of oral tissues.

Salivary Immunoglobulin A (IgA):

an enzyme that breaks down the cell walls of bacteria, causing them to lyse (burst) and die. It is present in saliva and tears, and is particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria.

Lysozyme:

an iron-binding protein that is found in milk, tears, and saliva. It has both antibacterial and antiviral properties, and works by depriving microorganisms of the iron they need to grow and reproduce.

Lactoferrin

an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. It is present in saliva and helps to neutralise bacteria by generating reactive oxygen species.

Peroxidase:

common medication for HIV

Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs): Examples include tenofovir, abacavir, and zidovudine.

Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs): Examples include efavirenz, nevirapine, and rilpivirine.

Protease Inhibitors (PIs): Examples include ritonavir, atazanavir, and darunavir.

Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs): Examples include dolutegravir, raltegravir, and elvitegravir.

common medication for hepatitis

Hepatitis A: There is no specific antiviral treatment for acute hepatitis A

Chronic hepatitis B may require antiviral medications to reduce viral replication and prevent liver damage:

Interferon
Nucleoside/nucleotide analogs: Examples include entecavir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, these drugs inhibit viral replication and reduce liver inflammation.


Chronic hepatitis C is treated with direct-acting antiviral (DAA) medications:
Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir
Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir

Interferon is the mainstay of treatment for chronic hepatitis D.

Interferons:

These are naturally occurring proteins that help the immune system to fight viral infections. They can also be used therapeutically to treat certain viral infections, such as hepatitis B and C.