Exam 2 - Carbohydrates & Lipids

What fraction of the fatty acid structure is soluble in water?

a) w carbon

b) a carbon

c) methyl group

d) carboxyl group

e) carbon chain

Carboxyl group

According to Williams et al. (2019), dietary fiber can be classified based on the following characteristics, EXCEPT:

a) ability to be digested by microbes in the GI tract

b) origin

c) degree of dissolution in solvents

d) degree of lignification

e) physiological response in the host

Degree of lignification

The following are characteristics of rancidity, EXCEPT:

a) oxidative rancidity occurs in fats rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids

b) hydrolytic rancidity may result in bad odor/flavor

c) oxidative rancidity is auto catalytic and causes bad odor/flavor

d) hydrolytic rancidity results from the splitting of fatty acids from glycerol

e) hydrolytic rancidity alters nutritional value

Hydrolytic rancidity alters nutritional value

Match the following carbohydrate according to their solubility:

Starch

Relatively soluble

Match the following carbohydrate according to their solubility:

Fiber

Insoluble

Match the following carbohydrate according to their solubility:

Glycogen

Relatively soluble

Match the following carbohydrate according to their solubility:

Pectin

Relatively soluble

Match the following carbohydrate according to their solubility:

Glucose

Soluble

Match the following carbohydrate according to their solubility:

Galactose

Soluble

The following are fiber components, EXCEPT:

a) hemicellulose

b) pectin

c) cellulose

d) lignin

e) amylopectin

Amylopectin

What enzyme is added to the diet of non-ruminants to increase the availability of feed phosphorous?

Phytase

A major difference between white adipocytes and brown adipocytes is the number of...?

a) vacuoles

b) mitochondria

c) nuclei

d) bilayer membranes

e) ribosomes

Vacuoles and mitochondria

The following characteristics have been suggested to benefit from fish oil DHA, EXCEPT:

a) reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease

b) reduce the levels of triacylglycerol in the blood

c) important for reproductive performance

d) delay brain aging

Important for reproductive performance

The following are potential benefits of DNA and EPA (omega-3 fatty acids), EXCEPT:

May be converted from linolenic acid at a high rate (>99%)

Which of the following nutrients does not have its absorption limited by phytic acid (phytate)?

Sodium

Where are chylomicrons formed?

Intestinal enterocytes

Fatty acids and carbohydrates are composed primarily of CHO. Which of the following sentences differentiates fatty acid structures from carbohydrates?

The greater proportion of hydrogen in the molecule

Fatty acids can be classified according to the following aspects, EXCEPT:

Eicosanoids

The following are monosaccharides absorbed at the brush border of the small intestine, EXCEPT:

Lactose

Phosphorous excretion in RUMINANTS is primarily:

Fecal

In the fatty acid designation by C18:3 w6, the carbon number (position) on the last double bone to it is:

12

Which of the following examples is NOT a polysaccharide?

Lignin

The following anti-nutritive factors decrease calcium absorption, EXCEPT:

Lactose

The following statements are true for lipid digestion and absorption, EXCEPT:

Micelles are absorbed into enterocytes

What type of bond forms the cellulose chain structure?

Beta 1, 4 glycosidic bond

The following are functions of lipids in the body, EXCEPT:

Storage for water soluble vitamins

The following characteristics are true for carbohydrases, EXCEPT:

Maltase glucoamylases are secreted in the lumen of the GI tract

The following are chemical molecules that are considered carbohydrates:

Aldehydes and ketones

Osmotic diarrhea increases rate of passage of digesta, decreases nutrient absorption and causes dehydration. List two NUTRITIONAL conditions that result in osmotic diarrhea.

Feeding sucrose to neonates, feeding milk to adults or lactose intolerant individuals

Match the carbohydrate (CHO) composition and analyses.

Residue includes cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin

Neutral detergent fiber (NDF)

Match the carbohydrate (CHO) composition and analyses.

Represents the indigestible fiber fraction in forages

Acid detergent fiber (ADF)

Match the carbohydrate (CHO) composition and analyses.

CHO used in energy transformation molecules and tissue synthesis; highly digestible

Soluble CHO

Match the carbohydrate (CHO) composition and analyses.

Structural function in plants, not digestible by animal

Insoluble CHO

Match the carbohydrate (CHO) composition and analyses.

Fiber analyses procedure in the proximate analysis

Crude fiber

Match the carbohydrate (CHO) composition and analyses.

Determined by difference in the proximate analyses and represents readily digestible CHO

N free extract

What is the primary fate of carbohydrates in the rumen?

Fermented to volatile fatty acids (VFAs)

Carbohydrates in the diets of animals are a major source of:

Energy

The following sentences correctly describe characteristics of different types of lipids, EXCEPT:

Essential oils are required nutrients in the diets of animals

The following are correct statements about the transportation of fatty acids in the body, EXCEPT:

Short chain fatty acids are transported as VLDLs in the lymphatic system

What factors influence lactase activity in mammals?

a) genetics

b) age

c) dairy consumption habit

d) amount of milk ingested

e) all of the above

All of the above

Carbohydrates represent approximately what proportion of animal diet dry matter?

80%

List the 5 functions of fats in the body.

Energy storage, thermogenesis, support of internal organs, insulation, source of metabolic water

Differences in lipid digestion between non-ruminants and ruminants include the following, EXCEPT:

Fatty acids absorbed by monogastrics are biohydrogenated

Which of the following are major ketogenic compounds in ruminants?

Acetate and butyrate

What polysaccharide is hydrolyzed by pancreatic alpha amylase?

Starch

List three essential fatty acids.

Linolenic, a-linolenic, arachidonic

The relative proportion of propionate in relation to acetate in the rumen increases with:

Dietary concentrate content

The term paNDH represents:

A combination of factors that influence rumination times

What other major nutrient contains a carboxyl group in its molecule?

Proteins

Chemically, a major difference between carbohydrates and lipids is that lipids contain:

Less oxygen

List three functions of Phosphorous in the body.

Structural support of the skeleton, components of phospholipids (cell membranes), present in RNA and DNA

What type of bond forms the cellulose chain structure?

Beta 1, 4 glycosidic bond

All following statements are true for starch chain structure, EXCEPT:

It has a structural function

All statements below are characteristics of pectin, EXCEPT:

Digestible in non-nutrients

The following monosaccharides can be absorbed through the jejunum and upper ileum intestinal mucosa, EXCEPT:

Maltotriose

What is the primary fate of carbohydrates in the rumen?

Fermented to volatile fatty acids (VFAs)

Lignin is:

A polyphenol that limits fiber degradation by microbes

The following are primary fats of ABSORBED glucose, EXCEPT:

Precursor to volatile fatty acids

The following are fiber components, EXCEPT:

Amylopectin

The following monosaccharides are absorbed at the brush border of the small intestine, EXCEPT:

Lactose

What polysaccharide is hydrolyzed by pancreatic alpha-amylase?

Starch

Anaerobic fermentation of glucose by rumen microbes results mainly in the following end-products, EXCEPT:

Urea

At room temperature, fat sources can vary in physical form from volatile to liquid to solid. Mark all characteristics that contribute to LOWERING the melting point of fatty acids:

Double bonds (unsaturated) and short carbon chain

Plasmatic cholesterol is found in larger proportion in:

Low density lipoprotein (LDL)

The following are potential benefits of DNA and EPA (omega-3 fatty acids), EXCEPT:

May be converted from linoleic acid at a 75% rate

The following statements are true for lipids digestion and absorption, EXCEPT:

Micelles are absorbed into enterocytes

Where are chylomicrons formed?

Intestinal enterocytes

Differences in lipid digestion between non-ruminants and ruminants include:

a) lower intestinal pH in ruminants

b) low lipase activity in ruminants

c) absorbed lipids resemble dietary sources in non-ruminants

d) rumen microbial biohydrogenation

e) all of the above

All of the above

Conjugated Linoleic Acids (CLAs) are thought to be be/cause:

a) anti-inflammatory

b) anti-carcinogenic

c) anti-atherosclerotic

d) decrease milk fat/increase yield

e) all of the above

All of the above

List four practical reasons to add fat to animal feeds.

Increase energy content, reduce dustiness, increase palatability, easier pelleting (less wear on machines)

In regards to fat analyses:

a) saponification number indicates the amount of length in fatty acids

b) ether extract indicates the content of fatty acids in a sample

c) iodine number indicates the amount of unsaturation

d) melting point gives an indication of chain length or double bones

e) all of the above

All of the above

The following are characteristics of rancidity, EXCEPT:

Hydrolytic rancidity alters nutritional value

What form of lipid transported in the bloodstream accounts for the bad cholesterol?

LDL, which is composed mostly of cholesterol

______ is usually considered to have one of the sweeter tastes among carbohydrates.

Fructose

Match the carbohydrates with the appropriate classifications.

Hemicellulose

Polysaccharide

Match the carbohydrates with the appropriate classifications.

Sucrose

Disaccharide

Match the carbohydrates with the appropriate classifications.

Glucose

Aldehyde

Match the carbohydrates with the appropriate classifications.

N-acetyl-glucosamine

Chitin

Match the carbohydrates with the appropriate classifications.

Fructose

Ketone

Match the carbohydrates with the appropriate classifications.

Ribose

Pentose

The following carbohydrates contain fructose in their structure, EXCEPT:

Cellulose

Which polysaccharide has more frequent branching?

Glycogen

Name the short chain fatty acids:

Acetate, propionate (has 3 carbons, odd shape), and butyrate

Why is Acetyl CoA called "acetyl"?

Contains 2 of its 3 carbons come from acetate

What are the different types of fat cells?

White, beige, and brown

What is the function of the brown adipocytes?

Thermogenesis, for regulating body temperature in hibernating animals and neonates, keeping an animal warm

What is the function of the white adipocytes?

Storage of triacylglycerides (and therefore energy), support internal organs, source of metabolic water

Where are beige adipocytes derived from?

From the white adipocyte precursors

Which two vitamins are important in lipids? Why?

Vitamins A and E, major antioxidants in the body, prevent rancification

What makes a fatty acid essential?

Fatty acid synthesis in mammals is dependent upon certain enzymes,

we posses the enzymes that can make double bonds at delta-9 or lower, but animals cannot introduce double bonds any closer to the methyl group end

What is an omega-3 fatty acid?

A carboxyl group attached to a methyl group (which is the omega group) at the 3rd position

Why is arachidonic acid an essential fatty acid?

Important for synthesis of prostaglandins, which are important for many functions like inflammatory response and for PGF2alpha

Which essential fatty acid is required for fetal and infant development?

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)