Scenario 3.02 EMI

Phenobarbital

Anticonvulsant medication indicated in the BNF for all forms of epilepsy except typical absence seizures

Benzodiazepine

CNS depressing agent used as conscious sedation for surgical procedures by slow intravenous injection

Benzodiazepine

Depressants that enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter GABA at the GABA-A receptor, resulting in sedative, hypnotic anti-anxiety, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties. These properties make it useful in treating anxiety, panic disorder, insomnia, seizures, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal and as a premedication for medical or dental procedures.

Flucanazole

Indicated in the BNF to give 50mg orally for 7-14 days in cases of mucosal candidiasis (except genital).

Metronidazole

Indicated in the BNF to give for prophylaxis of human and animal bites

Phenytoin

Indicated in the BNF to take for Tonic-clonic seizures , Focal seizures and the Prevention and treatment of seizures during or following a neurosurgery or severe head injury

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

a disorder related to a defective recessive gene on chromosome 12 that prevents the break down of the amino acid phenylalanine

Acetylcholine

This neurotransmitter has been implicated with learning and memory in several ways.

GABA

This neurotransmitter binds to type a receptors activating chloride channels that generally inhibit excitation in the CNS.

Glutamate

This neurotransmitter is the abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the whole CNS

Serotonin

The descending projections of this neurotransmitter pathway that inhibits pain may be relevant to disorders such fibromyalgia and migraines.

Enkaphaline

A pentapeptide involved in regulating nociception in the body.

Substance P

A neurotransmitter that is involved in the transmission of pain messages to the brain.

Asthma

Identify the medical Emergancy- Breathlessness and expiratory wheeze and high pulse

Syncope

Identify the medical Emergancy- Light headedness, loss of consciousness, sweating, bradycardia and low BP

Hypoglycemia

Identify the medical Emergancy- Slurred speech, sweating, blurred vision, confusing and aggression

Anaphylaxis

An IgE mediated secondary response to foreign antigens

Epilepsy

A chronic manifestation of brain damage that results in abnormal electrical brain activity and electrical discharges

Anaphylaxis

A medical emergency that can be identified by hives/rash, wheezing, tachycardia and is often treated using epinephrine.

Syncope

A commonly occurring incident in the dental practice, caused by sudden hypotension, and reduction in heart rate, leading to less blood circulation to the brain.

Red flag sepsis

A criteria that if any symptoms are present with sepsis then urgent medical attention will be required.

multiple sclerosis (MS)

An autoimmune disease in which autoreactive T cells enter the central nervous system (CNS) from the peripheral circulation and induce an inflammatory cascade resulting in demyelination and axonal loss. Women are twice as likely than men to have this disease.

Proriasis

This is a skin condition that causes flaky patches of skin which form scales. People with this disease have an increased production of skin cells. It affects around 2 in 100 people in the UK. It can start at any age, but most often develops in adults between 20 and 30 years old and between 50 and 60 years old.

Rheutamoid arthritis

A chronic condition characterized by joint inflammation, pain and stiffness, often accompanies by systemic symptoms, which can lead to joint deformities and functional limitations.

Sjorgen's syndrome

What chronic autoimmune condition primarily affects the body's moisture producing glands, leading to symptoms like dry eyes and mouth? Individuals with this condition may be at an increased risk for dental caries

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

An autoimmune disease occuring by type II and III reactions where apoptosis of healthy cells results in nuclear antigens depositing into tissues. An inflammation occurs, which is resposnible for some of the common symptoms such as the butterfly rash.

Ulcerative colitis

a chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation

Familial Mediterranean Fever

Autosomal recessive dysfunction of neutrophils that presents with fever and acute serosal inflammation.
Presents with symptoms similar to appendicitis, arthritis or myocardial infarction because it involves serosal surfaces of those organs

Vitamin D

This medication can be given OTC or prescribed by the GP at the highest concentration IU of 20,000. Blood tests should be requested prior to administering such high doses. Too much of this drug can lead to overtoxicity and kidney stones.

Dysarthria

Characterised by difficulties in control and coordination of the muscles used in speech, normally resulting from disruption to the nervous system, leads to slurred or unclear articulation

Ischemic stroke

One of the major types of a stroke and occurs when part of the brains blood supply is cut off aleaviating it from oxygen and nutrients

Parathesia

When LA causes 'altered sensation' typically assoisated with nerves affected by LA

Transient Ischaemic Attack

Billy and his wife Sandra were enjoying breakfast on a cold sunday morning. Sandra noticed Billy's face had drooped and his speach was slurred. These symptoms only lasted a short while. What is the cause of Billy's symptoms?

Hemiparesis

A symptom that causes slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

Bleeding into the area between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater surrounding the brain. This is a form of stroke.

Intracerebral haemorrhage

Most common of haemorrhagic stroke. Happens when a blood vessel inside the brain leaks blood into the surrounding brain tissue. Hypertension and ageing of the blood vessels are the most common cause of this.

Hemiplegic migraine

Migraine that leads to paralysis of one side of the body

Thrombosis

Abnormal condition of a blood clot