MICRO-Parasites

How many specimens must you examine for parasite analysis and what is the time span for analyzing all specimens?

3 specimens within 10 days

What is the time span for liquid specimens if not in preservative to examine it? (Parasitology)

30 mins

What is the time span for soft specimens if not in preservative to examine it? (Parasitology)

1 hour

What is the time span for formed stool specimens if not in preservative to examine it? (Parasitology)

24 hours

Best time to collect Sputum sample (Parasitology)

early morning

Best time to collect Urine samples (Parasitology)

early morning or first void

Why do we need that thick smear for blood samples (Parasitology)

for concentration

T/F: The acceptable stool sample conditions will be stool without urine or water in a clean, dry container with a secure lid

True

how can urine affect a stool sample?

may destroy motile organisms

How can water contaminate a stool sample?

may contain free living organisms

Parasite Examination: if the feces specimen is black, this would indicate

blood

Parasite Examination: if the feces specimen is light tan/white, this would indicate

barium or absence of bile

Parasite Examination: if the feces specimen is formed, you would look for

protozoan cysts

Parasite Examination: what can be found in any stool sample?

helminth eggs

Parasite Examination: if the feces specimen is soft, you would look for

trophozoites and cysts

Parasite Examination: if the feces specimen is liquid, you would look for

trophozoites

Trichrome Stain

Wright’s stain and Giemsa stain

Acid Fast Stain

Modified Trichrome Stain

Iron Hematoxylin Stain

Permanent smear methods on parasites

Saline

Iodine

Wet mount methods on parasites

Saline wet mount

detects motility

Iodine wet mount

Kills trophozoites and enhances nuclear material

Trichrome Stain

most common

Wright’s/Giemsa Stain

blood smear

Acid Fast Stain (Parasites)

to diagnose Cryptosporidium, Isopora, Cyclospora

Modified Trichrome Stain

diagnose microsporidiosis

When can you not refrigerate a specimen for parasite analysis?

Amoebic trophozoites

PVA (Polyvinyl Alcohol) is best for preserving what kind of specimens?

amoebic trophozoites

10% formalin and MIF (Merthiolate-Iodine-Formalin) are good for preserving what kind of specimens?

eggs, larvae, and amoebic cysts

Formalin-Ethyl Acetate Sedimentation: Whish layer will the parasites be in?

Sediment

Zin Sulfate Flotation purpose

Most parasitic ova, cysts, and larvae will float to the top

Segments filled with eggs

Gravid proglottid

Intermediate host

Host which contains the larval form of the parasite

Definitive host

host which contains the adult sexual form of the parasite

Ascaris lumbricoides are the ____ nematodes and ____ most common in the US

largest

2nd

Ascaris lumbricoides

Large Intestinal Roundworm

Large Intentional Roundworm transmission

Ingestion

Clinical disease: Worm ball

blockage in intestines by Ascaris species

Clinical disease: Ascaris Pneumonitis

larvae migration in lungs

Adult worms or eggs coated in albuminous coating in feces.

Larvae in sputum or gastric washings.

Ascaris diagnosis

Trichuris Trichiura

Whipworm

Enterobius vermicularis

Pinworm

Scotch tape prep

Diagnosis of Enterobius vermicularis

Strongyloides stercoralis

Threadworm

Infectious form of Strongyloides

filariform larva

Noninfectious form of Strongyloides

Rhabditiform larvae

Who does Hyperinfection syndrome occur in?

Immunocompromised

If an AIDs patient was infected with a parasite like strongyloides, what would more likely occur treatment wise?

It will be prolonged

Strongyloides Rhabditiform: short

Strongyloides Filariform: notched tail

Hookworm Filariform: pointed tail

Necator adult: cutting plates

Ancylostoma adult: teeth

Duodenale adult: two pair

Trichinella spiralis is caused by:

eating raw pork

The symptoms of Trichinosis is similar to

food poisoning

Destruction of muscle cell, high eosinophilia, myocardial involvement possible

Trichinella spiralis symptoms

Microfilariae diagnosis method

Giemsa stains

Microfilariae infections occurs when:

arthropods take a blood meal

Eye worm

Loa Loa

Microfilariae vector is flies

Loa Loa

Onchocerca

Microfilariae vector is mosquito

Wuchereia bancrofti

Brugia malayi

Wucheria Bancrofti

Brugia malayi

Loa loa

Onchoserca volvulus

pg 203-204

pg 208-209

pg 214