Unit 4 Study Guide AP HG

State

A political entity that has a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and the capacity to enter into relationships with other states.

Nation

A group of people who share common cultural characteristics such as language, ethnicity, history and often a desire for self-governance.

Stateless-Nation

A group of people with a related culture occupying a particular territory that doesn't operate as an independent political unit. EX: The Kurdish Nation.

Nation-State

A political entity characterized by a defined territory, permanent population, a government that is able to sign treaties with other states while also embodying a shared cultural identity amongst its people. For example: Japan.

Multinational-State

A state that is composed of more than one nationality. Ex. United Kingdom.

Multistate Nation

A group of people or culture that exists over more than one state. Ex. Kurdish nation in Korea.

Defined Territory

A specific geographic area that is recognised as belonging to a state.

Permanent Population

People who live in a particular area for a long period of time.

Sovereignty

The concept that a state has the supreme authority to govern itself and make decisions and that no other country can interfere with it.

Recognition from Other States

In order to be considered a state, other states must see you as a state.

Berlin Conference

A meeting of 14 European nations to set rules for the colonization of Africa.

Shatterbelt

Regions that are politically fragmented and often subject to external pressures and conflicts. Example: Eastern Europe.

Choke Point

A location with tactical and strategic importance, such as a narrow land passage, a sea lane, a bridge, or a tunnel.

Territoriality

The connections and sense of ownership individuals or groups have over a defined geographical area.

Aspects of Human Territoriality

A powerful strategy on how to control people and things, and a tendency to develop strong connections to land.

State Morphology

The study of how the shape of a country can affect its culture, policies, economy, and overall well-being.

Frontier

A natural boundary between 2 states that neither has total control over.

DMZ

Specific areas where military forces and equipment are prohibited.

Line of Control

The line that marks where the region of Kashmir is divided.

De Facto Border

A boundary that is enforced but it is not legally or politically recognised.

South China Sea Dispute

A region where rules for international and territorial waters are contested.

Arctic Dispute

A region disputed due to melting ice and untapped national resources.

UN Convention on the Law of Seas

Established in 1982, it created rules for territorial waters and international waters.

Internal Waters

Covers all waters and waterways on the landward side of a country's coast.

Territorial Seas

Countries have territorial rights 12 nautical miles off their coast.

• Subject to immigration

• Must notify country if your boat is going to cross into these waters

• Right of innocent passage

• But country can enforce where you can go 

Contiguous Zone

A buffer zone for the Territorial Sea that goes 12 miles further out.

What can happen here:

• Countries have some sovereignty

• Can enforce immigration laws

• Sanitation laws

• Can prevent possible breaches of the territorial sea

• Coast Guards can stop you here if they feel you have bad intentions

• Or if you broke laws in the Territorial Sea and are trying to escape

Exclusive Economic Zone

Extends 200 nautical miles from a country's coast.

What can happen here: 

• Country has exclusive rights to all resources found in this area

• Fish

• Undersea oil wells

• Solar and Wind

• Full exploration rights

• Full freedom of Navigation

• Country cannot tell your ship what to do - sail where you want

High Seas

International waters past 200 miles from the coast.

Median Line Principle

How countries evenly divide bodies of water if they share it.

Internal Administrative Division

Sub-national entities within a country.

First Order of Division

Highest level of administrative division.

Second Order of Division

Second level of Administrative division.

Third Order of Division

Lowest level of administrative division.

Special Administrative Regions

Typically found around a nation's capital to prevent influence from other divisions.

Autonomous/Semi-Autonomous Regions

Regions of a country that have a degree of independence but are still part of that nation.

Voting Districts

Specific geographic areas defined for the purpose of electing representatives.

Redistricting

The process of redrawing voting districts to reflect changing demographics.

Gerrymandering

The practice of manipulating electoral district boundaries to favor a specific political party or group.

Governance

The process of decision-making and the exercise of authority in management of a community or organization.

Unitary State

A state where all power is located in one place.Advantages:

-promotes social unity, all power located in one place, address national issues effectively 

Disadvantages:

• Detached from local needs, potential to be tyrannical

Federal State

A state that spreads power efficiently across regions.

Advantages:

• Spreads power evenly, more efficient, increased citizen participation and unity in government

Disadvantages:

• Inequality can develop between regions, different regional government mean different rules for same issue

Capital Cities

The primary urban center where a country's government is located.

Separatism

A political movement aimed at gaining independence or autonomy for a particular group.

Self-Determination

The process by which a country determines its own statehood.

Ethnic Cleansing

The mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group.

Irredentism

A nation claims territory of another nation due to a large population of the same ethnic group there.

Balkanization

The breakup of a larger country into smaller countries.

Uneven Development

Unequal distribution of resources, wealth, and opportunities across different regions.

Ethnonationalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the interest and culture of a specific ethnic group.

Centralized Power

All of the power in one place.

Decentralized Power

Power spread out to different regions.

International Terrorism

Violent criminal acts by individuals/groups inspired by foreign terror groups.

Domestic Terrorism

Violent criminal acts committed by individuals/groups to further ideological goals stemming from domestic influences.

What can lead to Territoriality?

Countries fight with each other over land because every country always wants more land because it leads to more power.

Be able to identify each type of State Morphology

Compact: often shaped like a square or a circle. For example Cambodia

Elongated: states with a long and narrow shape, typically due to geographic and/or historical reasons. For example, Chile.

Fragmented Shapes: A state whose territory is physically divided into several distinct segments. For example, Indonesia.

Prorupt/Protruding shapes: States that have a compact body, but also has a long extension, sometimes there is a strategic reason for the protruding territory. For example D.R Congo access to the atlantic ocean.

Perforated Shapes: A state that completely surrounds another state, creates a ‘hole’ inside the bigger country, very uncommon. For example South Africa surrounds the country of Lesotho.