AP Bio 1.1-1.2

What are the seven properties of life?

1. Order,
2. regulation
3. growth and development
4. energy processing
5. response to environment
6. reproductio
7. evolution

Order

below class and above families in the taxonomy

Regulation

the ability to maintain stability in changing conditions

Growth and Development

The ability to grow and develop with age

Response to the Environment

an ability to respond to environmental stimuli

Reproduction

the process of producing offspring

Evolution

the ability of a species to change over long periods of time, specifically responses to the environment they live in

Emergent Property

quality that appears as biological complexity increases

Reductionism

the reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study

Systems Biology

the exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts

Biosphere

Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.

Ecosystem

A system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment

Community

All the different populations that live together in an area

Populations

groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

Organisms

individual living things

Organ

A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

Cells

The basic unit of structure and function in all living things

Organelles

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

Molecules

Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

Main tenant of Cell Theory

All living organisms are composed of cells

Main characteristic of ALL cells?

All cells are enclosed by a membrane, which regulates what enters and leaves the cell

Eukaryotic Cell

cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

Prokaryotic Cell

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.

Which cell is largest?

Eukaryotic

What is DNA?

deoxyribonucleic acid, the genetic material contained within chromosomes.

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

Where are genes located?

DNA in nucleus

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides

How does the structure of DNA allow it to store information?

The structure of DNA allows it to store information because each strand contains nucleotides, which encode information in genes.

How do all forms of life use the same genetic code?

All organisms contain the same nucleotides but they may be in different sequences.

How do variations between different types of organisms come about?

Differences in the nucleotide sequence

DNA Transcription, RNA Translation, Protein Folding

1. Using the information in the sequence of DNA nucleotides the cell makes mRNA
2. The cell translates the information in the sequence of the mRNA nucleotides to make a series of linked amino acids
3. The chain of amino acids folds into the specific shape of a crystalline protein. These proteins help to focus light and help the eye to see.

Monomers of polypeptides

Amino Acids

Genome

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes

Proteome

the entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or organism

Producers

Organisms that produce their own food, usually by means of photosynthesis

What energy conversion takes place during photosynthesis?

Chemical

Consumers

An organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains or by consuming that organism altogether.

What two categories of organisms are decomposers?

Bacteria and Fungi

Feedback Regulation

the output or product of a process regulates that very process

Negative Feedback

a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus

Positive Feedback

Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.

Climate Change

a change in global or regional climate patterns

Extinction

A term that typically describes a species that no longer has any known living individuals.

How do we name species scientifically?

This is done by using the Taxonomy. First name the genus, then use a name specific to the genus.

Evolution

Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.

Domains of life containing Prokaryotes

Bacteria, Archaea

Domains of life containing Eukaryotes

Eukarya

Subgroups of Eukarya

Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Animalia, Protists

Why are protists no longer considered a kingdom?

They are less closely related to other protists than other animals.

Domain Bacteria

The most diverse and widespread prokaryotes on Earth.

Domain Archaea

They can live in Earth's most extreme climates, they are single-called organisms.

Kingdom Plantae

Characterized by how they obtain nutrients, through photosynthesis.

Kingdom Fungi

Multicellular organisms that obtain nutrients through their environment.

Kingdom Animalia

Multicellular organisms that obtain nutrients by consuming other organisms.

Protists

Mostly unicellular eukaryotes that are relatives of simple eukaryotic organisms.

Charles Darwin's book on evolution

On the Origins of the Species (1859)

What were the two main points in On the Origin of the Species?

1. Natural selection causes descent with modification.
2. Species adapt to new environments over time.

What were Darwin's three key observations?

1. There is variation in traits.
2. A population produces more offspring than will survive, so competition exists for survival.
3. Species are suited to their environments (They have adapted over time to better survive in the environments where they live).

What were Darwin's three inferences?

1. Individuals with inherited traits are best suited for their environments and are more likely to survive to reproductive age.
2. Over generations, those who survive to reproductive age will produce offspring with more advantageous traits.
3. Evolution is linked to reproductive success.

Why did Darwin name the mechanism that causes the evolution of adaptation Natural Selection?

Darwin did this because the environment naturally weeds out those who have traits that don't help them to survive and in turn, this allows stronger individuals to reach reproductive age.

Explain how natural selection works using the beetle example

1. There is a population with various inherited traits.
2. The elimination of the individuals with traits that make them more visible.
3. Reproduction among those who survive.
4. Increased frequency of traits that enhance survival and reproductive success because those who could not survive were eliminated.

What is a variation of a characteristic that helps an organism in a particular environment?

An adaptation

The mosquito example

1. A significant amount of the population was not immune to DDT compared to those who were.
2. The spraying of DDT killed those who were not immune. Those who survived reproduced.
3. Now all mosquitoes are immune to DDT, rendering DDT useless in killing them.

How did Darwin think that natural selection could cause ancestral species to give rise to two or more different descendant species?

Darwin believed that ancestral species would become two or more different species due to being isolated in different environments where there are different sources of food, different predators, and different conditions.

What is represented by each branch of an evolutionary tree?

The splitting of an ancestral species into one or more different subspecies.

Why did the ancestral finch evolve into the Large Ground Finch?

When the ancestral finch left the Galapagos island that it originated in, it needed to adapt for survival. The ancestral finch had a short, stocky beak that was not ideal for obtaining food. As time went on, the finch began to develop a larger, thicker beak that allowed it to forage and eat more efficiently. So, in the longterm, the Large Ground Finch evolved to have a large, strong beak to better eat seeds.

Natural Selection

Is caused by the variation in inheritable traits and differential reproduction.

Biological Fitness

How successful an organism is at passing its genetic information to its offspring.

What is modified to cause changes in traits?

Mutations in DNA

What is the difference between evolution and natural selection?

Natural Selection occurs in an species, evolution occurs in a population.

Unity and Diversity

Unity is present through a common ancestor, from which we have shared DNA. ( ALL living organisms use DNA to store and transmit hereditary information ) Diversity is due to adaptations and evolution over time.