ANT 131 Exam 3 (extracted from another study set)

Klasies River Mouth

South Africa, 120-80 kya. Later human fossils. Increased likeliness that early modern humans appeared in East Africa after 200 kya and moved to South Africa 100 kya.

AMH cranial

Lack of pronounced occipital bun, larger forehead, reduced brow ridge, supraorbital foramen, steep foreheads, prominent chin.

Regional Continuity Model

Suggests that local populations in Europe, Asia, and Africa continued their indigenous evolutionary development from premodern Middle Pleistocene forms to anatomically modern humans.

Denies: Earliest modern H. Sapiens populations originated exclusively in Africa

Asserts: Significant levels of gene flow dispersed premodern populations geographically during the Pleistocene.

Replacement Model

Emphasize that modern humans first evolved in Africa and only later dispersed to other parts of the world where they replaced the other hominins already living in the other regions.

Partial Replacement Model

Suggests that some interbreeding occurred between emigrating Africans and resident premodern humans. Assumes no speciation event occurred, and all hominins should be considered h.Sapiens

Omo

Omo Kibish, Ethiopia. 200-100 kya. Fragmentary skull: radiometric techniques show that this is the earliest modern human found in Africa yet.

1. Presence of Chin
2. Contemporary Cranium

Herto

Ethiopia, 160-154 kya. Very well preserved cranium. Best preserved early modern human ever found. Fossils include nearly complete adult cranium, incomplete adult cranium, fairly complete child's cranium.

Mt. Carmel complex

Skhul, Israel. 115 kya. Large sample of modern H. sapien samples. Minimum 10 individuals, modern morphology. Earliest modern humans known outside of Africa.

Homo floresiensis

(nicknamed 'Hobbit'), found on the Island of Flores, Indonesia. The fossils date to between 100,000 and 60,000 years ago, and stone tools made by this species date to between about 190,000 and 50,000 years old. individuals stood approximately 3 feet 6 inches tall, had tiny brains, large teeth for their small size, shrugged-forward shoulders, no chins, receding foreheads, and relatively large feet due to their short legs. made and used stone tools, hunted small elephants and large rodents, coped with predators such as giant Komodo dragons, and may have used fire.

Denisovans

lived about 41,000 years ago, found in the remote Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains in Siberia, a cave which has also been inhabited by Neanderthals and modern humans.
Little is known of the precise anatomical features of the Denisovans, since the only physical remains discovered thus far are the finger bone, two teeth from which genetic material has been gathered and a toe bone. The single finger bone is unusually broad and robust, well outside the variation seen in modern people.

Middle/Late Stone Age

Time period when Early Humans made their stone tools sharper and pointier

Blombos Cave

South Africa. Remarkable bone tools, beads, and decorated ocher fragments were found. 73 kya.

mtDNA

Fairly small segment of DNA that is transmitted between generations as a single unit: genetically acts like a single gene.

FOXP2

A gene that is responsible for speech and language. It is required for proper development of speech and language.

Mousterian Tool Industry

Tool Industry associated with Neandertals and some modern H. Sapiens. This industry is characterized by a larger proportion of flake tools than is found in Acheulian tool kits Examples: Levallois point, a perforator and a side scraper.

AMH cultural adaptations

Expansions of subsistence
Use of exotic materials
Increase in site size
Elaborate burials
Symbolic Imagery

Pinnacle Point

Ocher, clear evidence of systematic exploitation of shellfish and use of very small stone blades was found. 165 kya - earliest evidence of from anywhere of these behaviors thought by many as characteristics of modern humans.

Katanda

Symbolic Artifacts from the Middle Stone Age of Africa and the Upper Paleolithic in Europe. Evidence of Symbolism. 80 kya.

Upper Paleolithic Culture

Cultural traditions and materials accumulated. The brain expanded and reorganized. Cultural evolution continued with the appearance of early pre modern humans. Deliberate burials, body ornamentation, and technological innovations. Grinding seeds and roots became important and humans became more familiar with propagating plants. Domestication of plants and animals.

Dolni Vestonice

Czech Republic, 27 kya. First evidence of ceramic technology. First appearance of early modern H. Sapiens in Central Europe.

Neolithic Revolution

The Neolithic Revolution was a fundamental change in the way people lived. The shift from hunting & gathering to agriculture led to permanent settlements, the establishment of social classes, and the eventual rise of civilizations.

Biocultural evolution

Dual inheritance theory (DIT), also known as gene-culture coevolution or biocultural evolution, was developed in the 1960s through early 1980s to explain how human behavior is a product of two different and interacting evolutionary processes: genetic evolution and cultural evolution. In DIT, culture is defined as information and/or behavior acquired through social learning. One of the theory's central claims is that culture evolves partly through a Darwinian selection process, which dual inheritance theorists often describe by analogy to genetic evolution

Sickle cell & agriculture

The clearing of tropical forests occurred and as a result rainwater was left to stand in stagnant pools that provided mosquito breeding areas close to humans. This exposed humans to malaria which then resulted in the spread of sickle cell mutations. convenient hosts

Lactase & domestication

Lactose is broken down by a protein called lactase, which acts as a pair of molecular scissors, snipping the lactose molecule in two. Anyone who drank milk as a baby carries a working version of the gene that codes for lactase. In lactose tolerant individuals, that gene keeps working into adulthood, producing the protein that digests lactose and makes eating ice cream a pleasant experience.

Clinal approach

a system for classifying people based on the knowledge that genetically inherited traits often gradually change in frequency from one geographic region to another--that is, they change in clines.

Polygenic trait

A polygenic trait is one whose phenotype is influenced by more than one gene. Traits that display a continuous distribution, such as height or skin color, are polygenic.

Melanin

The pigment that gives human skin, hair, and eyes their color. Dark-skinned people have more melanin in their skin than light-skinned people have. Melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes.

Eumelanin

The most abundant type of human melanin, found in brown and black skin and hair

Pheomelanin

A type of melanin found in red hair; it contains sulfur and is alkali soluble

Melanocytes

a mature melanin-forming cell, typically in the skin.

Melanosomes

A melanosome is an organelle found in animal cells and is the site for synthesis, storage and transport of melanin, the most common light-absorbing pigment found in the animal kingdom. Melanosomes are responsible for color and photoprotection in animal cells and tissues.

Keratinocytes

an epidermal cell that produces keratin.

Albinism

is a congenital disorder characterized by the complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes due to absence or defect of tyrosinase, a copper-containing enzyme involved in the production of melanin. It is the opposite of melanism.

UVR

Sunlight contains ultraviolet (UV) rays, which are invisible rays of energy. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is shorter and more energetic than visible light. It can go through the ozone layer and trigger different physical effects, depending on the length (wavelength) of UV rays.

Melanoma

The most dangerous form of skin cancer, these cancerous growths develop when unrepaired DNA damage to skin cells (most often caused by ultraviolet radiation from sunshine or tanning beds) triggers mutations (genetic defects) that lead the skin cells to multiply rapidly and form malignant tumors

Reflectometry

Reflectometry is a noninvasive technique that allows the analysis of properties of a medium. This technique is based on the reflection of waves at the interface of interest. Waves propagate into a medium (according to the laws of propagation into the medium studied) and when they encounter a discontinuity (impedance break), part of their energy is reflected back to injection point. The analysis of the reflected signal can infer information about the system or the medium under consideration.

MC1R

MC1R (Melanocortin 1 Receptor (Alpha Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Receptor)) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with MC1R include uv-induced skin damage and melanoma, cutaneous malignant, 5.

Eccrine glands

are the major sweat glands of the human body, found in virtually all skin, with the highest density in palms and soles, then on the head, but much less on the trunk and the extremities. They produce a clear, odorless substance, consisting primarily of water and NaCl. NaCl is reabsorbed in the duct to reduce salt loss, but is dysfunctional in cystic fibrosis thus producing salty sweat.

Evaporative cooling

reduction in temperature resulting from the evaporation of a liquid, which removes latent heat from the surface from which evaporation takes place. This process is employed in industrial and domestic cooling systems, and is also the physical basis of sweating.

Bergmann's rule

Bergmann's rule is an ecogeographic principle that states that within a broadly distributed taxonomic clade, populations and species of larger size are found in colder environments, and species of smaller size are found in warmer regions.

Allen's rule

Allen's rule is a biological rule posited by Joel Asaph Allen in 1877. The rule says that the body shapes and proportions of endotherms vary by climatic temperature by either minimizing exposed surface area to minimize heat loss in cold climates or maximizing exposed surface area to maximize heat loss in hot climates.

Acclimatization

the process in which an individual organism adjusts to a gradual change in its environment (such as a change in temperature, humidity, photoperiod, or pH), allowing it to maintain performance across a range of environmental conditions.

Folate

Folate and folic acid are forms of a water-soluble B vitamin. Folate occurs naturally in food, and folic acid is the synthetic form of this vitamin.

Neural tube defects

Neural tube defects are birth defects of the brain, spine, or spinal cord. They happen in the first month of pregnancy, often before a woman even knows that she is pregnant. The two most common neural tube defects are spina bifida and anencephaly. In spina bifida, the fetal spinal column doesn't close completely.

Spina bifida

Spina bifida can happen anywhere along the spine if the neural tube does not close all the way. The backbone that protects the spinal cord does not form and close as it should. This often results in damage to the spinal cord and nerves.

Spina bifida might cause physical and intellectual disabilities that range from mild to severe.

Sex & skin color

Females lighter at puberty
Demands of gestation and lactation
Osteomalacia

Selection for loss of body hair

Lack of hair makes it easier to cool off: Since it's generally agreed humankind originated in tropical Africa. Zoologist Desmond Morris, author of the 1967 best seller The Naked Ape, offers the twist that hairlessness prevented hominid hunters from overheating when chasing game.
Less hair = fewer bugs, or to put it more formally, hairlessness reduces "parasite load." Another unpersuasive claim: notwithstanding their paucity of hair, humans have largely been infested with lice, fleas, and other parasites until recently.

Selection for dark pigmentation

Vitamin D deficiency
Low UV
Disrupt bone growth
Sex Difference
Cell replication

Selection for light pigmentation

Vitamin D deficiency
Bone Growth
Cell replication
Immune System

Sexual disparity in pigmentation

women are lighter than men

Vitamin D Hypothesis

Melanin synthesizes from the sun; role in mineralization and bone growth; not enough vitamin D=rickets, osteomalacia. NS for less pigment in northern latitudes to increase vitamin D absorption.

Vitamin D deficiency

Vitamin D is essential for strong bones, because it helps the body use calcium from the diet. Traditionally, vitamin D deficiency has been associated with rickets, a disease in which the bone tissue doesn't properly mineralize, leading to soft bones and skeletal deformities.

Rickets

Rickets is the softening and weakening of bones in children, usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency.

Osteomalacia

softening of the bones, typically through a deficiency of vitamin D or calcium.
Can be seen in pregnant women because the child is taking their melanin like a tiny vampire.

Paleopathology

The branch of physical anthropology that studies injury and disease in earlier populations is called paleopathology.

SLC24A5

This gene is a member of the potassium-dependent sodium/calcium exchanger family and encodes an intracellular membrane protein with 2 large hydrophilic loops and 2 sets of multiple transmembrane-spanning segments. Sequence variation in this gene has been associated with differences in skin pigmentation.

Lice & evolution of clothing

Lice: highly specialized blood sucking parasites that live on a single host species
Each of our ape relatives hosts open species, but humans host three types:
Pubic louse
Head lice
Body lice
-clothing protected from lice because they couldn't imbed themselves in body hair as easy

Inappropriate solar conditions

In making decisions on where to live or go on vacation, people should take the ultraviolet rays of the area into consideration

Alfred F. Hess

Came up with the theory that children with rickets weren't getting enough Vitamin D. Homeotherapy.

Minimal group paradigm

The minimal group paradigm is a methodology employed in social psychology. Although it may be used for a variety of purposes, it is most well known as a method for investigating the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups.

Jane Elliott's experiment

Elliott had all the blue-eyed children line up at one side of the room. She told the kids that blue-eyed children weren't as good as brown-eyed or green-eyed ones. Grasping for a scientific explanation, she ended up claiming that melanin makes eyes darker, and makes people smarter and more hard-working. The blue-eyed kids were put in one section of the class, and were given extra recess time. From then on, the kids made up their own explanations. When Elliott said the blue-eyed kids had to drink using paper cups, a brown-eyed child said they would infect the rest of the class. When a child asked why Elliott was a teacher, since she had blue eyes, another child said that if she'd had brown eyes she'd have been a principal.

The group dynamic of the class changed instantly. Brown-eyed kids picked on blue-eyed ones, and banded together against them. More startlingly, individual kids changed. Blue-eyed students forgot skills they had had the day before. Brown-eyed kids who had been shy became gregarious and bossy. Elliott reversed the experiment the next day, when she had brown-eyed children be the pariahs, but the social behavior of the class didn't completely flip. Either the blue-eyed kids had developed empathy, and didn't want to put their peers through what they had been through, or the experiment was not entirely repeatable.

History of slavery & skin color

slaves were originally just servants of all colors, but when europeans started trading with africa, they traded guns for people and since african people were darker, skin color became completely associated with slavery.

Ills of Emancipation

Rickets seemed to be more common in African children than lighter kids due to poorer living conditions for black people
Caused black people to lose their jobs bc they thought it was contagious or would affect the person's ability to work
Example: Airline hostess believed to have rickets lost her job

Linneaus & Blumenbach

Linneaus - 1735
cartography
Blumenbach - 1781
Hierarchy

Monogenesis & Polygenesis

the difference between polygenesis and monogenesis is that polygenesis is the theory that languages developed independently in different places at different periods, as opposed to originating from a single source while monogenesis is the theory that all languages, or a particular set of languages, originated from a single source.

Race & Ethnicity

Race is a made up concept, ethnicity is what region you are from

Kant & Herder

Kant believed that darker pigmented people were inferior, but this aspect of his thinking was pushed under the rug in favor of the modern public viewing him as an intelligent philosopher.
Same goes for Thomas Jefferson, people like to only remember these men for their achievements and turn a blind eye to their less than favorable traits.
No idea who Herder is. Probably the same deal as Kant.

Degeneration

the state or process of being or becoming degenerate; decline or deterioration.

Fredrick Douglass

Famed 19th-century author and orator Frederick Douglass was an eminent human rights leader in the anti-slavery movement and the first African-American citizen to hold a high U.S. government rank.

Miscegenation

the interbreeding of people considered to be of different racial types.

Light-dark polarity

Light pigmentation: vitamin D deficiency
Dark pigmentation: production of melanin

Colorism

Discrimination based on skin color, or colorism, is a form of prejudice or discrimination in which human beings are treated differently based on the social meanings attached to skin color.

Skin whitening

Skin whitening, skin lightening, and skin bleaching refer to the practice of using chemical substances in an attempt to lighten skin tone or provide an even skin complexion by reducing the melanin concentration in the skin. Several chemicals have been shown to be effective in skin whitening, while some have proven to be toxic or have questionable safety profiles, adding to the controversy surrounding their use and impacts on certain ethnic groups.

Recreational tanning

Sun tanning or simply tanning is the process whereby skin color is darkened or tanned. It is most often a result of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight or from artificial sources, such as a tanning lamp. People who deliberately tan their skin by exposure to the sun engage in a passive recreational activity of sun bathing. Some people use chemical products which can produce a tanning effect without exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

Eugenics

the science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics. Developed largely by Francis Galton as a method of improving the human race, it fell into disfavor only after the perversion of its doctrines by the Nazis.

Francis Galton

was an English Victorian statistician, progressive, polymath, sociologist, psychologist,anthropologist, eugenicist, tropical explorer, geographer, inventor, meteorologist, proto-geneticist and psychometrician. He was knighted in 1909.
He was a pioneer in eugenics, coining the term itself and the phrase "nature versus nurture". His book Hereditary Genius (1869) was the first social scientific attempt to study genius and greatness.

Charles Davenport

was a prominent American eugenicist and biologist. He was one of the leaders of the American eugenics movement. Eugenics is the study of or belief in the possibility of improving the qualities of the human species or a human population, especially by such means as discouraging reproduction by persons having genetic defects or presumed to have inheritable undesirable traits (negative eugenics) or encouraging reproduction by persons presumed to have inheritable desirable traits (positive eugenics)

Biological determinism

Biological determinism refers to the idea that all human behavior is innate, determined by genes, brain size, or other biological attributes. This theory stands in contrast to the notion that human behavior is determined by culture or other social forces.

Scientific racism

Scientific racism is the use of ostensibly scientific or pseudo-scientific techniques and hypotheses to support or justify the belief in racism, racial inferiority, racialism, or racial superiority

Anténor Firmin

a Haitian anthropologist, journalist, and politician. Firmin is best known for his book De l'égalité des races humaines (English: On the Equality of Human Races), which was published as a rebuttal to French writer Count Arthur de Gobineau's work Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines (English: Essay on the Inequality of Human Races). Gobineau's book asserted the superiority of the Aryan race and the inferiority of blacks and other people of color.

Franz Boas

was a German-American anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the "Father of American Anthropology"

Boas was one of the most prominent opponents of the then popular ideologies of scientific racism, the idea that race is a biological concept and that human behavior is best understood through the typology of biological characteristics. In a series of groundbreaking studies of skeletal anatomy he showed that cranial shape and size was highly malleable depending on environmental factors such as health and nutrition, in contrast to the claims by racial anthropologists of the day that held head shape to be a stable racial trait. Boas also worked to demonstrate that differences in human behavior are not primarily determined by innate biological dispositions, but are largely the result of cultural differences acquired through social learning. In this way, Boas introduced culture as the primary concept for describing differences in behavior between human groups, and as the central analytical concept of anthropology.

Racial-genetic models

-Resurgence in racial thinking in biomedicine
-Innate racial differences in susceptibility to disease
-80% articles in nursing, medicine, public health
-Race rarely defined, assume biology = genetic
-"In the blood" - "In that DNA"

Color & blood pressure

Acclimatization, natural selection favored several genetic mutations
Tibetan highlanders to adapt to high altitudes
Were able to retain normal red blood cell counts which helped them to avoid life threatening problems due to overproduction of red blood cells.