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22 Terms

1
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What are premises in philosophy?

Reasons or evidence for the conclusion.

2
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What is a conclusion in philosophy?

The ending that follows from the premises.

3
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What makes a good argument in philosophy?

It is rationally persuasive.

4
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Is truth alone sufficient to make a good argument?

No, truth is not sufficient by itself.

5
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What is a declarative sentence (proposition)?

An assertion that something is either true or false.

6
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What is validity in logic?

When the premises support the conclusion such that if the premises are 'true,' the conclusion must be 'true.'

7
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Does validity mean the premises are factual?

No, validity only requires that the premises support the conclusion.

8
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What is the three-part test for validity?

  1. Identify all the premises. 2. Assume they are true. 3. Ask if the conclusion could still be false.
9
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What is logical form?

The structure of an argument.

10
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What is soundness in logic?

When an argument is valid and the premises are actually true.

11
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What is a conditional statement?

"If P, then Q."

12
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What is the contrapositive of "If P, then Q"?

"If not Q, then not P."

13
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What is the converse of "If P, then Q"?

"If Q, then P."

14
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What is affirming the antecedent (modus ponens)?

"If P, then Q. P. Therefore, Q."

15
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What is denying the consequent (modus tollens)?

"If P, then Q. Not Q. Therefore, not P."

16
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What is reductio ad absurdum?

An argument showing absurdity: If P is false, then A is true. A is false. Therefore, P is true.

17
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What is affirming the consequent?

"If P, then Q. Q. Therefore, P."

18
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What is denying the antecedent?

"If P, then Q. Not P. Therefore, not Q."

19
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What is circular reasoning (begging the question)?

Using the premise as the conclusion.

20
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What is wishful thinking in logic?

Believing something brings it into existence.

21
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What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

Believing something causes an action that makes the belief true.

22
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