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What are premises in philosophy?
Reasons or evidence for the conclusion.
What is a conclusion in philosophy?
The ending that follows from the premises.
What makes a good argument in philosophy?
It is rationally persuasive.
Is truth alone sufficient to make a good argument?
No, truth is not sufficient by itself.
What is a declarative sentence (proposition)?
An assertion that something is either true or false.
What is validity in logic?
When the premises support the conclusion such that if the premises are 'true,' the conclusion must be 'true.'
Does validity mean the premises are factual?
No, validity only requires that the premises support the conclusion.
What is the three-part test for validity?
What is logical form?
The structure of an argument.
What is soundness in logic?
When an argument is valid and the premises are actually true.
What is a conditional statement?
"If P, then Q."
What is the contrapositive of "If P, then Q"?
"If not Q, then not P."
What is the converse of "If P, then Q"?
"If Q, then P."
What is affirming the antecedent (modus ponens)?
"If P, then Q. P. Therefore, Q."
What is denying the consequent (modus tollens)?
"If P, then Q. Not Q. Therefore, not P."
What is reductio ad absurdum?
An argument showing absurdity: If P is false, then A is true. A is false. Therefore, P is true.
What is affirming the consequent?
"If P, then Q. Q. Therefore, P."
What is denying the antecedent?
"If P, then Q. Not P. Therefore, not Q."
What is circular reasoning (begging the question)?
Using the premise as the conclusion.
What is wishful thinking in logic?
Believing something brings it into existence.
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
Believing something causes an action that makes the belief true.