Motor learning and recovery of function

recovery of function

-how the brain repairs itself or learns new things

-regain of function of skills lost through injury

motor learning

-the acqusition or modification of movement

function

complex activity of whole organism directed at performing a behavioral task

-doing a goal oriented task

-recovery of skilled action

recovery

-return of damaged structures/function AND a term for clinical improvements despite how they occuredd

-brain is healing and going through neuroplasticity

recovery

function through original process

compensation

behavioral substitute

learning

-is neuroplasticity- brain can change, grow to learn new movements

nondeclarative

-implicit

-activities, what we do

-nonassociative learning, associative learning, and procedural learning

declaritive

-explicit

-facts and events

nonassociative learning

-habituation

-brain turns down nonpainful stimulus

-short term- brain inhibits neurotransmitters to be released

-long term- sensory neuron tell to go away, tells axon to not send information (gets rid of gate)

nonassociative learning

-sensitization

-chronic inflammatory stimulus

-neuron isnt being turned down any info it gets, send pain signal, nothing inhibiting it to stop it.

associative

-association between 2 factors

-learns to predict relationships that help us to adapt to enviornment

classical conditioning

weaker stimulus paired with stronger stimulus

-pair cue with movement

Operant conditioning

-Trial and error -use and reinformcement

Associative

-amygdala

-emotional response (how did feel about this last time, last time this was embarrassing)

Associative

-Cerebellum

-Coordinator, error detector/feedback

-is what we did accurate to plan, recognizes when to correct

associative

-premotor

-prepares for execution of movement

-everyone get on the same page

Procedural

-Habit, do over and over so we don’t have to think

-involves motor and nondeclarative cognitive skills, especially involving sequences

-basal ganglia

• go, no go, gets motor plan and decides

-cerebellum

• plan and ope tweak that quickly

- Frontal regions (where motor output happens) (including sensorimotor cortex)-problem solving, personality

• motor planning

Declarative

-Explicit, facts, step by step

-occurs in the hippocampus

-conscious recall (facts, steps for plan)

-medial temporal areas/hippocampus (long term learning): spatial/words/objects memory

Long term potentiation

-learning and memory occur in this process

-can occur throughout brain/neurons in hippocampus

-silent synapses (not present) converted to active (present)

-mobile receptors insert into postsynaptic membrane

Complex motor learning

-This LTP process occurs BETWEEN motor and sensory areas in the brain (but mostly hippocampus)

-pathways between thalamus and motor cortex form, reducing need for sensory motor input

-these parallel pathways form to strengthen skilled actions

-so it sticks

implicit to explicit

-using two memory systems is rule, (all the time)

-modulation of motor cortex outputs occurs when explicit knowledge is associated with improved motor performance

-learning to drive a car, talking out loud while you do it

spontaneous recovery

-they just got better

-recovery after injury not because of PT

Acitivity-induced recovery of function

-bc of PT

Restorative vs compensatory

-restoring function or compensating for it

peripheral nervous system

-can regrow nerve and reform

central nervous system

does not regrow axons after CNS issue

Denervation hypersensitivity

-if presynaptic neuron dies, postsynaptic neuron has all these gates open. Super hypersensitive to any neurotransmitter that goes by

-both

Synaptic hypereffectiveness

-Neuron with many axons and all neurotransmitters go to one when the others are injured. super effective now

-both

silent synapses unmasking

-silent become unmasked

-both

Neural regeneration (regenerative)

-First one thats hurt can regenerate to its own or the one next to it

-only PNS

Collateral sprouting (reactive)

-adjacent neuron axon sprouts to adjacent neuron because first neuron is hurt (says let me save you)

-both?

lesion remapping

-remaps all the time to regain function

-continuously modified in healthy adults in response to activity, behavior, and skill acquisition

-neighboring somatosensory maps expanded fields to cover denervated regions

-focal lesion opens up window of corcial hyperexcitibility- windows can be open for a year for stroke, tbi can be years