Period: Renaissance and Reformation - AP Euro

Gutenberg

Johannes Gutenberg made the first movable-type printing press, revolutionizing the spread of information. Able to make a large number of books at a cheaper cost.

Ferdinand and Isabella

United Spain through their marriage; sponsored Columbus’s expeditions; established Spanish Inquisitions; centralized power

Spanish Inquisitions

A series of tribunals established to maintain Catholic orthodoxy and root out heresy in Spain.

Erasmus

A Dutch humanist and theologian known for his works on Christian philosophy and the promotion of education during the Renaissance. He is famous for his book 'In Praise of Folly' which criticized the Church's abuses.

Sir Thomas More

An English lawyer, social philosopher, and author best known for his book 'Utopia,' which describes an ideal society and critiques contemporary European society.

Encouraged Erasmus’s ideas; refused to recognize Henry VIII as Supreme Head of the Church of England, leading to his execution; patron saint of the Church

Henry VII of England

The first Tudor monarch of England; reigned from 1485-1509; ended the Wars of the Roses; established a strong centralized government; married Elizabeth of York

War of the Roses

Dynastic conflict between houses of York and Lancaster for English throne; ended in the rise of the Tudor family, signified by Henry VII’s marriage to Elizabeth of York

Henry VIII

The second Tudor monarch of England; known for his six marriages; separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church; wanted an heir

Elizabeth I

The daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; the last Tudor monarch of England; known for the Elizabethan era and defeating the Spanish Armada

Restored Protestantism to England after Mary I made it Catholic; some religious toleration

Politique

A ruler who prioritizes political order and stability over religious conformity, often ensuring religious toleration to maintain peace.

German Peasant Revolt (goal)

To achieve social and economic rights by seeking the end of serfdom and improved conditions for peasants.

Philip II of Spain

Ruled Spain during height of Spanish Empire; solidified empire’s strength and influence; had control of Spain, Netherlands, Naples, and Sicily; Eighty Years War after Dutch Revolt

Pope Julius II

Known as the "Warrior Pope," he led military campaigns to expand Papal territories and was a prominent patron of the arts, commissioning works from Michelangelo and Raphael.

Simony

The buying or selling of church offices or positions, often leading to corruption within the church.

Characteristics of Renaissance Art

Realism; Perspective; Individualism; Themes surrounding the revival of classical antiquity