APUSH Unit 1 (Chap. 1)

Why were there diverse societies in the Americas before Europeans arrived?

The geography and isolation of separate peoples led to different cultures and limited interactions.

What economic developments enabled the Age of Exploration?

The rise of Mercantilism and a proto-capitalist ideology created a hunger for colonies.

What technological advancements aided the Age of Exploration?

New tools like the astrolabe, magnetic compass, lateen sail, and advanced ships such as the Fluyt.

How did military technology help the Spanish conquer the Americas?

The Spanish used firearms, horses, steel, and hunting dogs, which were superior to Native American technology.

What role did disease play in the Spanish conquest of the Americas?

Diseases spread by Europeans decimated Native American populations, facilitating conquest.

What was the motive behind the Spanish colonization of the Americas?

The Spanish aimed to conquer without mercy, driven by the desire for land and resources.

How did the Columbian Exchange affect European societies?

The introduction of New World crops like potatoes led to a population boom in Europe.

What impact did the Columbian Exchange have on Native American societies?

The introduction of horses and new weapons transformed Native American hunting and transport.

How did Spanish colonization shape North American history?

The introduction of disease and Catholicism drastically reduced Native American populations and changed religious practices.

What is maize?

A food grown by Native Americans, commonly known as corn.

Who were the Mexica?

Also known as the Aztecs, they were people in modern-day Mexico City known for human sacrifice.

What was the Aztec Empire?

A large empire founded by the Mexica, characterized by advanced farming techniques and a complex political structure.

What are burial mounds?

Structures built by the Mississippians for burying people and items, indicating a complex social structure.

What was Cahokia?

The capital of Mississippian society, known for its farms and elaborate pyramids.

Who were the Eastern Woodlands people?

A dominant group on the East Coast, divided into Algonquian, Iroquoian, and Mustogean tribes.

What is Roman Catholicism?

The accepted religion before the Protestant Reformation, which the Spanish tried to impose on Native Americans.

What was the Protestant Reformation?

A movement started by Martin Luther that criticized the Catholic Church and led to new Christian denominations.

Who were the conquistadores?

Heavily armored Spanish soldiers who played a significant role in conquering Native Americans.

What was the encomienda system?

A labor system used by the Spanish to convert and educate Native Americans, effectively enslaving them.

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the New and Old Worlds.

What are infectious diseases?

Diseases like smallpox and malaria that caused significant Native American population declines.

What was New Mexico's significance?

It was the first center of Catholic missionary activity in America.

What was the Spanish Armada?

The most powerful naval fleet of its time, defeated by England in 1588.