Bio Test 2

Cells Cells their made of Organelles

Prokaryote

A single celled organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryote

A complex organism made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Plasma Membrane

The outer boundary of a cell that regulates what enters and leaves the cell, providing protection and structural support.

Cytoplasm

The gel-like substance within a cell that contains organelles between the cell membrane and the nucleus.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A type of endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and processing.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A type of endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Golgi complex

A cellular organelle responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

ribosomes

Cellular structures that synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA.

Lysosomes

Membrane-bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris.

cytoskeleton

A network of protein filaments and tubules that provide structural support, shape, and facilitate cell movement and division.

cilia

Hair-like structures on cell surfaces that aid in movement and sensing the environment.

flagella

Long, whip-like structures that enable cellular movement and locomotion.

mitochondria

Organelles known as the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration, originated from prokaryotic cells.

Plasmodesmata

Microscopic channels in plant cell walls that facilitate communication and transport between adjacent cells.

gap junctions

Specialized intercellular connections that allow for the direct communication and exchange of ions and small molecules between adjacent animal cells.

Phospholipid

A type of lipid molecule that forms the bilayer of cell membranes, consisting of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

cholesterol molecules

essential for maintaining membrane fluidity and stability.

transport proteins

act as selective gateways, allowing specific molecules to move across the membrane by facilitating their passage through the hydrophobic lipid bilayer, thereby controlling which substances can enter or exit the cell, maintaining proper cellular composition, and regulating vital processes like nutrient uptake and waste removal.

fluid mosaic model

Model describing the plasma membrane

peripheral proteins

that are attached to the surface of the membrane and play roles in structure support, cell identification, communication, and transport.

Osmosis

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, moving from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration, thereby balancing solute concentrations on both sides.

Hypertonic

solution with a higher solute concentration compared to another solution, causing cells to lose water.

isotonic

solution with equal solute concentration to another solution, resulting in no net water movement.

hypotonic

solution with a lower solute concentration compared to another solution, causing cells to gain water.

Passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy, typically along a concentration gradient.

facilitated diffusion

the process by which molecules move across a cell membrane via transport proteins, without energy input.

active transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy input.

Endocytosis

the process by which cells take in substances from their external environment by engulfing them in a membrane-bound vesicle.

Exocytosis

the process by which cells expel substances to the external environment by packaging them in vesicles that fuse with the cell membrane.

pinocytosis

a type of endocytosis where cells ingest liquid and small particles by forming vesicles “pinch”.

phagocytosis

a type of endocytosis where cells engulf large particles or other cells by extending their membrane around them, forming a vesicle(false feet/pseudopodia).

Exergonic

A type of chemical reaction that releases energy, where the products have less energy than the reactants.

endergonic

type of chemical reaction that requires an input of energy to proceed, often resulting in products with higher energy than the reactants

coupled reactions

Reactions where an exergonic (energy-releasing) reaction drives an endergonic (energy-requiring) reaction. The energy released from the exergonic reaction is used to fuel the endergonic one.

enzymes

Proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in the body by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur

enzyme substrate

The specific molecule or compound that an enzyme binds to in order to catalyze a reaction. The enzyme acts on the substrate to convert it into products

metabolism

The set of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism to maintain life

Allosteric inhibition

A form of regulation where a molecule binds to a site on an enzyme other than the active site (the allosteric site), causing a change in the enzyme's shape that reduces its activity or prevents it from binding to its substrate

ATP

A high-energy molecule that serves as the primary energy carrier in cells, powering many cellular processes like metabolism, muscle contraction, and protein synthesis

Oxidation

A chemical process in which a molecule loses electrons, often associated with the addition of oxygen or the removal of hydrogen. It is typically part of a redox reaction, where oxidation is paired with reduction (the gain of electrons)

reduction

A chemical process in which a molecule gains electrons, often accompanied by the addition of hydrogen or the removal of oxygen. It is the opposite of oxidation and typically occurs alongside it in redox reactions

NADH

A high-energy electron carrier molecule that plays a key role in cellular respiration by transporting electrons to the electron transport chain, where they are used to generate ATP.

FADH2

A high-energy electron carrier molecule that plays a key role in cellular respiration by transporting electrons to the electron transport chain, where they are used to generate ATP. It is the reduced form of NAD⁺

Oxidative phosphorylation

A process in cellular respiration where ATP is produced by transferring electrons through the electron transport chain, powered by the oxidation of NADH and FADH₂. This process takes place in the mitochondria and includes chemiosmosis, where a proton gradient drives ATP synthesis

two pyruvic molecules

How many pyruvic molecules are made in glycosis

two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of ATP, and two molecules of NADH

all products of glycosis

two ATP molecules

how many ATP molecules are required for glycocis to proceed

cytoplasm

where glycosis occurs in the cell

coenzyme A

The product of the citric acid cycle during glycosis

Citric acid cycle

A series of chemical reactions in cellular respiration that takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria. It generates high-energy molecules (NADH, FADH₂) and ATP, and releases carbon dioxide as a byproduct. It is also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle

The sequence of cellular respiration

starts with glycosis, then goes to the citric acid cycle, then to electron transport

electron transport chain

process that occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. FADH2 and NADH drop off their hydrogens and charges then push them through proteins

ATP synthase during chemiosmosis

An enzyme embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that uses the flow of protons down their gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

36 to 38

# of ATP molecules made from glucose during cellular respiration

Pump protons across a memrane

what energy is used for when electrons pass down the electron chain

glucose, fatty acids, amino acids

Food molecules which can be oxidized by aerobic cellular respiration