Bio Test 2

studied byStudied by 0 people
0.0(0)
learn
LearnA personalized and smart learning plan
exam
Practice TestTake a test on your terms and definitions
spaced repetition
Spaced RepetitionScientifically backed study method
heart puzzle
Matching GameHow quick can you match all your cards?
flashcards
FlashcardsStudy terms and definitions

1 / 55

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Cells Cells their made of Organelles

56 Terms

1

Prokaryote

A single celled organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

New cards
2

Eukaryote

A complex organism made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

New cards
3

Plasma Membrane

The outer boundary of a cell that regulates what enters and leaves the cell, providing protection and structural support.

New cards
4

Cytoplasm

The gel-like substance within a cell that contains organelles between the cell membrane and the nucleus.

New cards
5

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A type of endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and processing.

New cards
6

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A type of endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

New cards
7

Golgi complex

A cellular organelle responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

New cards
8

ribosomes

Cellular structures that synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA.

New cards
9

Lysosomes

Membrane-bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris.

New cards
10

cytoskeleton

A network of protein filaments and tubules that provide structural support, shape, and facilitate cell movement and division.

New cards
11

cilia

Hair-like structures on cell surfaces that aid in movement and sensing the environment.

New cards
12

flagella

Long, whip-like structures that enable cellular movement and locomotion.

New cards
13

mitochondria

Organelles known as the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration, originated from prokaryotic cells.

New cards
14

Plasmodesmata

Microscopic channels in plant cell walls that facilitate communication and transport between adjacent cells.

New cards
15

gap junctions

Specialized intercellular connections that allow for the direct communication and exchange of ions and small molecules between adjacent animal cells.

New cards
16

Phospholipid

A type of lipid molecule that forms the bilayer of cell membranes, consisting of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

New cards
17

cholesterol molecules

essential for maintaining membrane fluidity and stability.

New cards
18

transport proteins

act as selective gateways, allowing specific molecules to move across the membrane by facilitating their passage through the hydrophobic lipid bilayer, thereby controlling which substances can enter or exit the cell, maintaining proper cellular composition, and regulating vital processes like nutrient uptake and waste removal.

New cards
19

fluid mosaic model

Model describing the plasma membrane

New cards
20

peripheral proteins

that are attached to the surface of the membrane and play roles in structure support, cell identification, communication, and transport.

New cards
21

Osmosis

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, moving from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration, thereby balancing solute concentrations on both sides.

New cards
22

Hypertonic

solution with a higher solute concentration compared to another solution, causing cells to lose water.

New cards
23

isotonic

solution with equal solute concentration to another solution, resulting in no net water movement.

New cards
24

hypotonic

solution with a lower solute concentration compared to another solution, causing cells to gain water.

New cards
25

Passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy, typically along a concentration gradient.

New cards
26

facilitated diffusion

the process by which molecules move across a cell membrane via transport proteins, without energy input.

New cards
27

active transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy input.

New cards
28

Endocytosis

the process by which cells take in substances from their external environment by engulfing them in a membrane-bound vesicle.

New cards
29

Exocytosis

the process by which cells expel substances to the external environment by packaging them in vesicles that fuse with the cell membrane.

New cards
30


pinocytosis

a type of endocytosis where cells ingest liquid and small particles by forming vesicles “pinch”.

New cards
31

phagocytosis

a type of endocytosis where cells engulf large particles or other cells by extending their membrane around them, forming a vesicle(false feet/pseudopodia).

New cards
32

Exergonic

A type of chemical reaction that releases energy, where the products have less energy than the reactants.

New cards
33

endergonic

type of chemical reaction that requires an input of energy to proceed, often resulting in products with higher energy than the reactants

New cards
34

coupled reactions

Reactions where an exergonic (energy-releasing) reaction drives an endergonic (energy-requiring) reaction. The energy released from the exergonic reaction is used to fuel the endergonic one.

New cards
35

enzymes

Proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in the body by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur

New cards
36

enzyme substrate

The specific molecule or compound that an enzyme binds to in order to catalyze a reaction. The enzyme acts on the substrate to convert it into products

New cards
37

metabolism

The set of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism to maintain life

New cards
38

Allosteric inhibition

A form of regulation where a molecule binds to a site on an enzyme other than the active site (the allosteric site), causing a change in the enzyme's shape that reduces its activity or prevents it from binding to its substrate

New cards
39

ATP

A high-energy molecule that serves as the primary energy carrier in cells, powering many cellular processes like metabolism, muscle contraction, and protein synthesis

New cards
40

Oxidation

A chemical process in which a molecule loses electrons, often associated with the addition of oxygen or the removal of hydrogen. It is typically part of a redox reaction, where oxidation is paired with reduction (the gain of electrons)

New cards
41

reduction

A chemical process in which a molecule gains electrons, often accompanied by the addition of hydrogen or the removal of oxygen. It is the opposite of oxidation and typically occurs alongside it in redox reactions

New cards
42

NADH

A high-energy electron carrier molecule that plays a key role in cellular respiration by transporting electrons to the electron transport chain, where they are used to generate ATP.

New cards
43

FADH2

A high-energy electron carrier molecule that plays a key role in cellular respiration by transporting electrons to the electron transport chain, where they are used to generate ATP. It is the reduced form of NAD⁺

New cards
44

Oxidative phosphorylation

A process in cellular respiration where ATP is produced by transferring electrons through the electron transport chain, powered by the oxidation of NADH and FADH₂. This process takes place in the mitochondria and includes chemiosmosis, where a proton gradient drives ATP synthesis

New cards
45

two pyruvic molecules

How many pyruvic molecules are made in glycosis

New cards
46

two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of ATP, and two molecules of NADH

all products of glycosis

New cards
47

two ATP molecules

how many ATP molecules are required for glycocis to proceed

New cards
48

cytoplasm

where glycosis occurs in the cell

New cards
49

coenzyme A

The product of the citric acid cycle during glycosis

New cards
50

Citric acid cycle

A series of chemical reactions in cellular respiration that takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria. It generates high-energy molecules (NADH, FADH₂) and ATP, and releases carbon dioxide as a byproduct. It is also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle

New cards
51

The sequence of cellular respiration

starts with glycosis, then goes to the citric acid cycle, then to electron transport

New cards
52

electron transport chain

process that occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. FADH2 and NADH drop off their hydrogens and charges then push them through proteins

New cards
53

ATP synthase during chemiosmosis

An enzyme embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that uses the flow of protons down their gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

New cards
54

36 to 38

# of ATP molecules made from glucose during cellular respiration

New cards
55

Pump protons across a memrane

what energy is used for when electrons pass down the electron chain

New cards
56

glucose, fatty acids, amino acids

Food molecules which can be oxidized by aerobic cellular respiration

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 13 people
884 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 37 people
869 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 57 people
676 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 82 people
388 days ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 11 people
845 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 7 people
915 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 11 people
706 days ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 337 people
211 days ago
5.0(1)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (50)
studied byStudied by 8 people
366 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (78)
studied byStudied by 57 people
7 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (87)
studied byStudied by 80 people
373 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (30)
studied byStudied by 6 people
307 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (20)
studied byStudied by 21 people
757 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (25)
studied byStudied by 1 person
720 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (96)
studied byStudied by 1 person
303 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (68)
studied byStudied by 23 people
177 days ago
5.0(1)
robot