Biology- Homeostasis

function of circulatory

• Function:  to transport water, nutrients, and waste to and from cells around the body.

  • Transports nutrients from digestive system

  • Transports oxygen and CO2 to and from lungs

  • Transports excess materials and waste to the excretory system

  • Transports hormones from the glands of the Endocrine System to different cells

three parts of circulatory system

blood, blood vessels, heart

blood

carries food, oxygen, waste through the body

blood vessels

routes blood travels

heart

pumps of pushes blood through body

red blood cells

• Carry O₂  to all parts of the body using a protein called hemoglobin

white blood cells

Fight and kill germs

plasma

• Liquid part of blood (90% Water)

Carries much of the nutrients, water, and waste to different systems

platelets

Small cells that help clot blood

three blood vessel

arteries, veins, capillaries

veins

• Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the body.

capillaries

• Smallest blood vessels

• Connect the arteries and veins

responsible for the diffusion of O₂ , CO₂, nutrients and wastes to and from cells

arteries

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to all parts of the body.

arterie

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to all parts of the body.

parts of the excretory system

• Lungs

• Skin

• Liver

• Kidneys

lungs

• Releases CO2, excess heat, and moisture

Blood containing CO₂ is carried to the lungs 🡪 CO₂ diffuses into lung tissue 🡪 you breathe out the CO₂

skin

• Removes excess salt, water, urea, and heat through sweat.

liver

• Combines ammonia and CO₂ to make urea which goes to the kidneys

Removal of various toxins (including drugs and alcohol)

kidneys

• Cleans the blood by removing toxins, excess salts, glucose and water

Sends them to the bladder to be removed as urine

What is the bladder and what does it do?

A muscular organ that houses liquids from the kidneys temporarily 

how does the bladder signal to the brain when to urinate

As the Bladder fills the need to expel the urine is felt along the urethra that sends a signal to the brain 

what two gasses are involved with the lungs

The gasses involved with the lungs is  oxygen and carbon dioxide

nose hairs job

the nose hair catches dust particles

function of the epiglottis

The epiglottis keep food from entering the lungs 

What system does the respiratory system work closely with?

The circulatory system because of the heart.

how to the circulatory and respiratory system work together

The lungs take oxygen from the air and share it with the blood via the heart which pumps blood.

1. What is the path the air takes after it enters the nose and mouth?

It goes down the trachea and into the bronchus that divides to reach each lung then it branches into smaller tubes called bronchioles. 

1. What are the alveoli covered with?

A mesh of very small blood vessels. 

1. What takes place in the alveoli?

Gas exchange 

1. Thinking back to our notes on the cell membrane, what type of transport is taking place between the walls of the capillaries and the alveoli?

Diffusion

1. How do we remove “stale air”?

exhale

air sacs at the end of the bronchioles are called

alveoli

This part of the respiratory system is protected by a flap of skin which closes when we swallow to prevent food entering the lungs.

trachea

nasal cavity

 Air is filtered by hairs and mucus. It is warmed by blood vessels and moistened by water vapour.

larynx

plates of cartilage at the top of the TRACHEA. It contains the vocal cords (Voice Box)

tranchea (windpipe)

• made of rings of cartilage.

It is protected by a flap of skin (epiglottis) which closes when we swallow to prevent food entering

bronchi

Two branching tubes through which air passes into either lung.

bronchioles

Smaller and smaller branches of the bronchi inside the lungs.

lungs

• Each one contains thousands of alveoli to increase the lungs surface area.

alveoli

• Tiny sacs of thin membranes surrounded by capillaries.

• Site of gas exchange

CO2 for O2

diaphragm

• A muscle found below the lungs

• moves down when you inhale.

moves up when you exhale.

oxygen is used in aerobic respiration by your cells in the production of what?

ATP

without oxygen….

your body cannot obtain enough energy from food to survive. 

carbon dioxide is produced as what

a waste product of aerobic respiration is toxic to cells and must be removed.

 What is the role of the diaphragm?

it aids in breathing and contracts and moves down so it pulls down the air into the lungs

what does the diaphragm do when you inhale

it contracts and moves down and causes the rib cage to push out

why does air rush into your lungs/

the volume of the chest cavity increases so air pressure reduces causing air to rush into the lungs

what does the diaphragm do when you exhale

It relaxes and moves up it decreases the volume of your chest cavity and increases pressure in the lungs

oxygen that enters the alveoli does what?

diffuses through the cell membrane and enters the capillaries that line the alveoli.

what oxygen passes through the plasma what happens next

is picked up by red blood cells that carry an iron-containing protein called hemoglobin.  The oxygen rich blood is then pumped to the heart and then to the tissues of the body.

how is carbon dioxide removed from the body

it travels back to the heart then to lungs as is released into alveoli where it leaves when you exhale 

what happens when oxygen reaches the tissues of the body

carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells to blood

why is oxygen needed in the body

cellular respiration

pharynx connects ___ to ____

the nasal cavity to lungs

function of the respiratory system

supply the body with oxygen, removes carbon dioxide from the body

what is included in the respiratory system

nasal cavity

mouth

pharynx

epiglottis

larynx

tranchea

lungs

bronchi

bronchioles

alveoli

diaphragm

nasal conchae do what

mucosa-covered projections seperated by nasal meatuses

Issues that happened with the AOC

cannot enforce laws + each state had one vote no matter the population + no national currency, no national court, federal gov could not tax

shays rebellion

Daniel Shay led a revolt because soldiers were not getting paid he led them to Springfield

washington comes back,

puts down rebellion, put Shay on trial where he is pardoned

constitutional convention

called in 1787 to form a new gov

federalists..

favored a strong central gov

anti feds

favored a weak central gov

Virgina plan

votes based on population and proposed a bicameral legislature.

new Jersey plan

proposed equal representation for each state in Congress regardless of population size each state had 1 vote

great comprise

two houses of Congress one based on state population & one where each state gets equal votes

legislative

makes laws

executive

carries out laws

judicial branch

reviews all laws

checks and balances

no branch has more power than another

electoral college

vote in representation of who their state stands/votes for- 538 total 270 needed to win the electional

amendments

ways to change the constitution

anti-federalists demanded…

the amendments be added to guarantee protection of certain rights (bill of rights)

three fifths compromise

one slave is counted as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation purposes in the United States.

Washington signs

signed judiciary act of 1789

judicirary act

a supreme court with one chief justice and 5 others

cabinet members are…

Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox, Edmund Randolph

Hamilton wanted

Strong central gov, economy based on industrial business ( Democratic Republican )

Jefferson wanted..

Strong state/local gov, economy based on farming ( Federalist )

Bank of United States

Hamilton wanted to create a federal bank funded by federal gov and wealthy private investors- the bank was created and the nations capital was moved from NY to DC to please southerners

Farewell Address

1. Remain united as a country

2. Avoid political parties

3. DO NOT get involved in foreign affairs

sectionalism..

Placing the interest of one region over those of the whole nation

Alien and Sedition Act

1. A resident can become a U.S citizen after 14 years

2. President can deport/jail any non citizen or immigrant

3. Jail sentences for anyone trying to stop the gov

State Nullification

States had the right to nullify any act of Congress they deem unconstitutional

Main problems with articles of confederation

1. Inability to effectively tax

2. Regulate interstate commerce

3. Raise a national military

4. Enforce laws due to weak central gov

Division/ fighting between founding fathers

1. The debate between those who favored a strong central gov led by Hamilton

2. Those who preferred stronger state powers led by Jefferson

rumors of

french spies in new gov. also created tensions & anti-french feelings with the public

federalists

favored strong central gov- British influence (Adams)

democratic republicans

favored strong state/local gov. French influence (Jefferson)

function of the nervous system

recognize and coordinate the body’s response to change in its internal and external environment

two parts of the nervous system (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

The peripheral nervous system (PNS)

nerves

nerve cells are special cells called

neurons

sensory neurons

sensory nerounds receive messages from the senses and organs and sends them to the brain or spinal cord

inter neurons

found in CNS and connect to the sensory and motor neurons

motor neurons

sends messages from the brain to cause a response

messages go from

the sensory neurons to the spinal cord/brain

part of the brain responsible for deliberate choices and self awarenesss is called

pre-frontal cortex

communication hub of the brain

thalamus and it has several other functions, such as the relaying of sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex and the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness.)