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The movement to fence in fields in order to farm more effectively, at the expense of poor peasants who relied on common fields for farming and pasture.
proletarianization
The transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers to landless rural wage earners.
cottage industry
A stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market.
putting-out system
The eighteenth-century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned to the finished products to the merchant.
industrious revolution
The shift that occurred as families n northwestern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption; this reduced their economic self-sufficiency but increased their ability to purchase consumer goods.
guild system
The organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers.
economic liberalism
A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith’s argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor
Navigation Acts
A series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies.
Treaty of Paris
The treaty that ended the Seven Years’ War in Europe and the colonies in 1763, and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts.
debt peonage
A form of serfdom that allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money
Atlantic slave trade
The forced migration of Africans across the Atlantic for slave labor on plantations and in other industries; the trade reached its peak in the eighteenth century and ultimately involved more than 12 million Africans.
illegitimacy explosion
The sharp increase in out-of-wedlock births that occurred in Europe between 1750 and 1850, caused by low wages and the breakdown of community controls.
just price
The idea that prices should be fair, protecting both consumers and producers, and that they should be imposed by government decree if necessary.
consumer revolution
The wide-ranging growth in consumption and new attitudes toward consumer goods that emerged in the cities of northwestern Europe in the second half of the eighteenth century.
Pietism
A protestant revival in early-eighteenth-century Germany and Scandinavia that emphasized a warm and emotional religion, the priesthood of all believers, and the power of Christian rebirth in everyday affairs.
Methodists
Members of a Protestant revival movement started by John Wesley, so called because they were so methodical in their devotion.
Jansenism
A sect of Catholicism originating with Cornelius Jansen that emphasized the heavy weight of original sin and accepted the doctrine of predestination; it was outlawed as heresy by the pope.
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