Unit 4: Metacognition and sports learning

Describe the Knowledge Based Approach paradigm

Widely used in the classic study of motor learning

Central idea is to consider motor development as a progressive acquisition of knowledge about actions, so that motor skills are conceived as the result of processing different types of knowledge that are stored in memory

Different actions that are carried out to achieve a goal involve handling different types of knowledge that give them meaning, rather than considering them as pure muscle contractions as a response to stimuli

According to knowledge based approach, the quality of motor development is largely related to ____

the knowledge that children acquire about actions when interacting with the environment

What are the types of knowledge?

1. Declarative

2. Procedural

3. Strategic

4. Affective

5. Metaknowledge

What is declarative knowledge?

Refers to what people know about their actions

• Children store a whole series of data on facts and events related to themselves, to their own body, to the form of their actions, and to the spatiotemporal relationships that affect actions

• Part of the knowledge that is able to be made explicit

• Limits: not reflective of the totality of knowledge a person has

What is procedural knowledge?

Represents the “know how”; set in motion when we need to perform an action - the way in which we execute the actions, usually done implicitly

• conceptualization occurs in the form of conditional production systems: when a stimulus appears, it is automatically paired with a response that favors the speed of execution of the system and allows performance of the action

What is strategic knowledge?

The way or organizing knowledge to make decisions in our daily actions

Involves other types of knowledge

What is affective knowledge?

The subjective feelings that accompany any action we perform

Ex: feeling of confidence in sport, which is an essential element in motor development

What are the two important elements in the study of metacognition and their subcategories?

1. Knowledge about cognitive processes (people, tasks, and strategies)

2. The competence to regulate cognitive processes (planning, control, and evaluation)

When referring to knowledge about cognitive processes, reference is essentially made to ______

declarative knowledge

• relatively stable information because what is known about cognition usually does not vary from one situation to another

• topical because it can be discussed with others

• fallible because there can be erroneous ideas

Regulation of cognitive processes refers to _______

procedural memory

Metaknowledge implies being aware of ____

the processes we know at the declarative and procedural level

What are the 3 processes that must be considered from the Piagetian theory that allow us to understand the importance of metaknowledge and its relationship with learning?

1. awareness

2. abstraction

3. self-regulatory processes

What is the difference between internalization and externalization?

Internalization: starts from the action toward the subject

Externalization: processes that reach awareness gradually and constructively

What is awareness?

process that allows conceptualizing at the level of representation that has occurred previously in that action; ex: the difficulties children encounter explaining how they have performed right and wrong actions)

What is abstraction?

Implicit and recurrent; allows a person to extract certain properties from object (empirical) and/or actions (reflexive) so that they assimilate and accommodate them to those they already have in mind

What is self-regulation?

Processes that describes within equilibration and that explain the game of balances

• regulations can be retroactive (produced as a consequence of feedback) or proactive (anticipatory)

At what age do aspects of behavior planning develop?

8