Anatomy Notes on Urinary and Female Reproductive System

Flashcards about the urinary and reproductive systems based on lecture notes.

What are the functions of the kidney?

Filters blood, removes metabolic waste and water, maintains temperature, and adjusts blood pressure.

What are the three main structures derived from intermediate mesoderm during kidney development?

Pronephros, Mesonephros, Metanephros

What is the pronephros and when does it develop/disappear?

Develops in the 3rd week in the cervical area and disappears by the 4th week.

What is the mesonephros?

Developed in the chest, gradually degenerates but parts associate with the male reproductive organ.

What is the metanephros?

The permanent and functional kidney in higher vertebrates, located in the pelvis.

What does the renal hilum contain?

Renal veins, arteries, and lymphatic vessels.

What is the function of the renal hilum?

Transmits vessels, nerves, and the ureter

What is the renal capsule?

A thin membranous sheath that covers the outer surface of each kidney, supports kidney mass and protects vital tissues, made of tough fibers such as collagen and elastin

What is the perirenal fat?

Adipose tissue superficial to the renal fascia.

What tube carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder?

The Ureters

What is the renal cortex?

Area filled with blood brought in from the renal artery where ultrafiltration occurs.

What is the renal medulla?

White, inner part of the kidney that splits into renal pyramids and contains nephron structures responsible for maintaining salt and water balance.

What is the function of the renal pelvis?

Acts as a funnel for urine flowing to the ureter.

What is the role of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and the urethra in the urinary system?

Kidneys produce urine; the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra drain, store, and release urine.

What is ectopic kidney?

A birth defect in which the kidneys are out of place (in abnormal positions).

What is horseshoe kidney?

A disorder where the kidneys fuse together to form a horseshoe shape during development.

What is the function of the nephrons?

Receive bloodto be filtered, carried out by afferent arterioles.

What is the glomerulus?

A tuft of capillaries that produces urine.

What is the efferent arteriole?

A smaller tube that carries urine out of the glomerulus.

What is Bowman's Capsule?

A delicate membrane made of simple squamous epithelium that performs the first step in blood filtration to form urine.

What is the vascular pole?

The part of the renal corpuscle where afferent and efferent arterioles are located.

What is the urinary pole?

The part of the renal corpuscle where the renal tubule begins.

What is the proximal convoluted tubule?

Super curly, near the glomerulus, made of cuboidal epithelium and drains filtrate away from a renal corpuscle.

What is the Loop of Henle?

A long, U-shaped portion of the tubule that conducts urine within each nephron, recovering water and sodium chloride from the urine.

What is the distal convoluted tubule?

Made of simple cuboidal epithelium and is responsible for sodium absorption.

What are the collecting ducts?

Collects urine from the nephrons and moves it into the renal pelvis and ureters.

What are minor calyces?

Located in the medulla and collect urine.

Describe the Nephron Blood Supply

Abdominal artery → Renal artery → Interlobar arteries → Arcuate arteries → Interlobular arteries → Afferent arterioles → Glomerulus → Efferent arterioles → Peritubular capillaries → Interlobular veins → Arcuate veins → Interlobar Veins → Renal vein → Inferior Vena Cava

Describe the urine pathway

Renal tubules of nephron → Collecting ducts → Papillary ducts → Minor calyces → Major calyces → Pelvis → Ureter → Urinary bladder → Urethra

What is the muscular coat of the ureters?

Smooth muscle that consists of the inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle that use peristalsis to propel urine.

What is the mucosa layer of the ureters?

Transitional epithelium continuous with the lining of the renal pelvis and the urinary bladder that secretes mucus.

What are kidney stones?

Hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys.

What are the locations of the urinary bladder?

For males: anterior to the rectum. For females: anterior to the uterus and upper vagina.

What is the trigone of the urinary bladder?

Two ureters and one urethra and is sensitive to expansion, signaling the brain when stretched.

What bacteria from the large intestine can cause UTIs?

E. coli

Why are women more prone to UTIs?

They have shorter urethras

What is Transitional Epithelial Cell Carcinoma (TCC)?

A type of cancer that typically occurs in the urinary system, arising from the transitional epithelium.

What is the urethra?

The tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body; in males, it also ejaculates semen.

What is the external sphincter?

Voluntary Skeletal Muscle.

What is an Intravenous Pyelogram?

An x-ray examination of the kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder that uses iodinated contrast material injected into veins.

What is nephritis?

Inflammation of the kidneys.

What is dialysis?

Semipermeable membranes remove wastes and adjust pH.

What is colostrum?

First milk of lactation that is very rich in antibodies.

What are Cooper's ligaments?

Extend into skin like spokes of the wheel and hold breast in proper position.

In the female reproductive system, what is the gonad?

Ovaries

Ova originally come from what sac?

Yolk sac

Approximately how many primordial follicles are present at birth?

300,000

On what said are the ligaments attached?

Medial side towards the ovarian

What kind of cells surround the ovum

Thecal cells

What does the corpeus luteum produce?

Estrogen and Progesterone