radpatho

Chemicals

The lowest level of organization is the chemical level. All chemicals necessary for maintaining life are composed of atoms, which are joined in various ways to form molecules.

cell

is the basic structural and functional  unit of all living tissue. Every single part of  the body, whether muscle, bone, cartilage, fat,  nerve, skin, or blood, is composed of cells. 

Tissues

are cohesive groups of similar cells  that, together with their intercellular  material, perform a specific function.

Epithelial

Connective

Muscular

Nervous

The four  basic types of tissue are as follows: 

Epithelial

 : Tissues that cover internal  and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and   organs, such as the stomach and the   intestines 

Connective

: Supportive tissues that bind  together and support various  

structures 

Muscular

 : Tissues that make up the   substance of a muscle

Nervous

: Tissues that make up the  substance of nerves and nerve centers 

Organs 

When complex assemblies of tissues are  joined to perform a specific function, the  result is an organ. Organs usually have a  specific shape.

System

system consists of a group or an association  of organs that have a similar or common  function.

Organism 

The 10 systems of the body when functioning  together make up the total organism—one living  being

dorsal

cavity is a continuous cavity  located on the dorsal side of the body. It  houses the organs of the upper central  nervous system, including the brain and the  spinal cord.

cranial

cavity is the anterior portion of  the dorsal cavity consisting of the space  inside the skull. This cavity contains the brain,  the meninges of the brain, and cerebrospinal  fluid. 

cranial

This cavity contains the brain,  the meninges of the brain, and cerebrospinal  fluid. 

vertebral

cavity is the posterior portion  of the dorsal cavity and contains the  structures within the vertebral column.

vertebral

This is the most narrow of all  body cavities, sometimes described as  threadlike.

ventral

cavity, the interior space in the  front of the body, contains many different  organ systems.

ventral

cavity has anterior and posterior portions  divided by the diaphragm, a sheet of skeletal  muscle found beneath the lungs. 

viscera.

 The organs within the ventral  cavity are also called

thoracic

cavity is the anterior ventral  body cavity found within the rib cage in the  torso. It houses the primary organs of the  cardiovascular and respiratory systems, such  as the heart and lungs, but also includes organs from other systems, such as the  esophagus and the thymus gland.

abdominoplevic

cavity is the posterior  ventral body cavity found beneath the  thoracic cavity and diaphragm.

abdominoplevic

it is generally  divided into the abdominal and pelvic  cavities.

abdominal

cavity is not  contained within bone and houses many  organs of the digestive and renal systems, as  well as some organs of the endocrine system,  such as the adrenal glands.

pelvic

The cavity  is contained within the pelvis and houses the  bladder and reproductive system

peritoneum

The  abdominopelvic cavity is lined by a type of  mesothelium called the . 

Anatomic Position 

 standing erect  with the head, eyes and toes pointing forward, feet  together with arms by the side.

plane

is a flat surface passed through the body or a  portion of the body. 

Sagittal Plane (Median plane)

- A vertical plane  running from front to back; divides the  body or any of its parts into right and left  sides. 

Coronal or (Frontal)

- A vertical plane running from  side to side; divides the body or any of its  parts into anterior and posterior portions.

Axial Plane (Transverse Plane)

- ; divides the body or any of its parts  into upper and lower parts. 

Oblique Plane

- is a longitudinal or  transverse plane that is at an angle or slant  and is not parallel to the sagittal, coronal, or  horizontal plane. 

Lateral

- Away from the midline of the body (On the  outer side of) e.g. the arms are lateral to the  chest.  

Medial

- Near to the midline of the body (On the  Inner side of) e.g. the chest is medial to the  arms 

Superior ( cephalic/ cranial) -

Towards the head  end or towards the upper part of a  structure (above) e.g. The head is superior  to the chest.

Inferior (Caudal)

- Away from the head end or  towards the lower part of a structure  (Below) e.g. the abdomen is inferior to the  chest. 

Anterior ( ventral )

- Towards or at front of the body  (in front of) e.g. The sternum is anterior to  the spine.

Posterior (Dorsal )

- Towards or at the back of the  body (Behind) e.g. The heart is posterior to  the sternum.

Proximal

- Close to the origin of the body part or the  point of attachment of a limb to the trunk e.g. The knee is proximal to the ankle. 

Distal

- Farther or away from the origin of the body  part or the attachment of a limb to the  trunk e.g. The forearm is distal to the arm.

Superficial

- Towards or at the body surface e.g. The  skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles 

Deep

- Away from the body surface (more internal)  e.g. The skeletal muscles are deep to the  skin 

Abduction -

movement away from the midline of the  body or body part. 

Adduction

- Movement toward the midline of the  body or body part. 

Flexion

- Decrease in the angle of a joint by bending

Extension

- Increase in the angle of joint or  straightening of a joint 

Inversion

- Turning of foot inward at the ankle joint.

Eversion

- Turning of the foot outward at the ankle  joint.

Pronation

- Turning the hand so that the palm is  down or onto one's stomach

Supination

- Turning the hand so the palm is facing  upward or turning onto one's back. 

Erect "upright”

" - Position when the Sagittal and  coronal planes of the body are  perpendicular to the horizon 

Recumbent "lying down"

- Position when the  transverse plane of the body is perpendicular  to the horizon 

Fowler's Position

- A person in the Fowler's position  is sitting leaning slightly back 45^o - 90^o.legs may either be straight or bent.

Trendelenburg Position -

A person in the  Trendelenburg position is lying supine  with head slightly lower than their feet. 

Sim's Position

- A near lateral Left anterior oblique  (Left Sim's) OR right anterior oblique with the top leg in front the lower leg. 

Hypersthenic

 

 Deep broad thorax  

 Short thoracic cavity 

 Short wide heart 

 Elevated diaphragm 

 Stomach and GB very high 

 Colon high and wide 

Sthenic 

 Lightly longer and shallow thorax 

 Ribs more vertical 

 Heart narrow and longer 

 Thoracic cavity longer 

 Diaphragm is not as high 

 Colon slightly lower and more centrally  located. 

Hyposthenic 

 Thorax longer 

 Diaphragm lower 

 Stomach and GB lower and close to midline.  Colon lower and close to midline of abdomen

Asthenic 

 Exaggeration of Hyposthenic type 

 Thorax narrow and shallow 

 Heart longer and narrow 

 Thoracic cavity longer 

 Diaphragm is very low 

 Stomach and GB very lower, vertical and near  midline. 

A. Cervical Region

B. Thoracic Region 

C. Lumbar Region 

D. Sacrum and Pelvic Region 

Topographic Landmarks 

level of Mastoid tip 

 

C1 -

- level of Gonion

C2

- level of Hyoid bone 

C3

level of Thyroid cartilage 

C4/C5 -

- level of vertebra prominens

C7

- 2 inches above jugular notch 

T1

level of jugular notch 

T2/T3 -

- level of sternal angle 

T4/T5

- level of inferior angle of scapula

T7

- level of xiphoid tip 

T9/T10

L2/L3

- level of inferior coastal margin 

level of iliac crests 

L4/L5 -

- level of ASIS 

S1/S2

level of pubic symphysis and greater  trochanters

COCCYX-