AP Psychology Unit 5 Terms

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45 Terms

1

behaviorism

A psychological approach that emphasizes the study of observable behaviors rather than internal mental states.

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2

classical conditioning

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.

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3

acquisition

When a previously neutral stimulus begins triggering a conditioned response.

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4

unconditioned stimulus

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.

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5

unconditioned response

The unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus.

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6

neutral stimulus

A stimulus that gets a subject’s attention but otherwise does not produce a measurable response.

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7

conditioned stimulus

The former neutral stimulus after it has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus and now elicits a conditioned response.

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8

conditioned response

The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (but now conditioned stimulus).

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9

extinction

The diminishing of a conditioned response.

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10

spontaneous recovery

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

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11

higher-order conditioning

Occurs when a conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus, leading the new neutral stimulus to evoke a conditioned response.

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12

contingencies

The relationship between stimuli and responses, and the consequences that follow those responses.

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13

counterconditioning

A psychological technique used to change or replace an undesirable response to a stimulus with a more desirable response.

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14

taste aversion

When an individual develops a strong dislike or avoidance of a particular taste (or food) after it has been paired with an unpleasant or harmful experience.

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15

one-trial conditioning

A form of classical conditioning in which a single pairing of a neutral stimulus (NS) with an unconditioned stimulus (US) is sufficient to establish a conditioned response (CR).

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16

biological preparedness

Suggests that humans and other animals are inherently predisposed to learn certain associations and behaviors more easily than others due to evolutionary factors.

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17

habituation

A form of learning in which an organism gradually decreases or ceases to respond to a repeated stimulus.

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18

operant conditioning

A type of behavior modification that relies on learning through consequences.

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19

reinforcement

Stimuli that encourage the repetition of a behavior.

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20

punishment

Stimuli that discourage the repetition of a behavior.

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21

law of effect

Behaviors that are followed by favorable consequences are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by unfavorable consequences are less likely to be repeated.

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22

primary reinforcement

Stimuli that are inherently satisfying or rewarding because they directly satisfy basic biological needs or drives.

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23

secondary reinforcer

Stimuli that acquire their reinforcing properties through association with primary reinforcers or other secondary reinforcers.

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24

positive reinforcement

Adding a desirable stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

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25

negative reinforcement

Removing an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

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26

reinforcement discrimination

An organism learns to respond differently to two or more stimuli that are similar but have different consequences.

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27

reinforcement generalization

Where a response that has been reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus also occurs in the presence of similar stimuli.

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28

positive punishment

Adding an aversive stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

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29

negative punishment

Removing a desirable stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

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30

shaping

Reinforcing approximations of a desired behavior.

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31

instinctive drift

When animals revert to their innate, instinctual behaviors instead of performing the trained operant response.

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32

superstitious behavior

Actions or behaviors that are performed in a seemingly random or arbitrary manner but are mistakenly believed to cause a desired outcome or prevent an undesirable one.

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33

aversive consequences

Outcomes or stimuli that are unpleasant or undesirable, leading to a decrease in the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

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34

continuous reinforcement

When a desired behavior is reinforced each and every time it is displayed.

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35

partial reinforcement

When a desired behavior is reinforced intermittently.

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36

fixed-interval

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.

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37

fixed-ratio

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.

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38

variable-interval

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.

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39

variable-ratio

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.

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40

social learning theory

Bandura’s theory that emphasizes the role of observational learning, imitation, and modeling in the acquisition of new behaviors.

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41

vicarious conditioning

The idea that individuals are influenced by the consequences experienced by the models they observe.

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42

modeling

Imitating the behavior of others.

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43

insight learning

A form of learning characterized by sudden and spontaneous understanding or realization of a problem or solution, often occurring without trial-and-error or repeated practice.

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44

latent learning

A form of learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement or immediate behavioral changes.

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45

cognitive mapping

The mental representation or internal map that individuals create to organize and navigate their environment.

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