Rock Identification Exam 2

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Last updated 3:46 PM on 3/31/25

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69 Terms

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Pumice

-Igneous

-volcanic

-vesicular

-Intermediate/felsic

-made up of light minerals

-formed last in Bowens reaction series

Uses: abrasives

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Diorite

-Igneous

-plutonic

-porphyritic/pegmatatic

-intermediate (felsic-mafic)

-Ca/Na plagioclase, pyroxene, hornblende (amphibole)

-formed in the middle of Bowens reaction series

uses: construction

<p>-Igneous</p><p>-plutonic</p><p>-porphyritic/pegmatatic</p><p>-intermediate (felsic-mafic)</p><p>-Ca/Na plagioclase, pyroxene, hornblende (amphibole)</p><p>-formed in the middle of Bowens reaction series </p><p>uses: construction </p>

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Pegmatite (teeth)

-igneous

-plutonic

-pegmatitic

-felsic

-K-feldspar, quartz, Na-plagioclase

-formed at the end of Bowens reaction series

uses: construction

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granite

-igneous

-plutonic

-phoneritic

-felsic

-K-feldspar, quartz, Na-plagioclase

-formed at the low temp extreme of BRS

uses: countertops

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Scoria

-igenous

-volcanic

-vesicular

-mafic/intermediate

-made up of dark minerals

-forms at the middle-upper section of BRS

uses: construction

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obsidian

-igneous

-volcanic

-glassy

-felsic

-made up of dark minerals

-forms at the end of BRS

uses: jewelry

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Basalt

-igneous

-volcanic

-amygdaloidal

-mafic

-Ca-plagioclase, pyroxene, olivine

-forms at beginning of BRS

uses: construction

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Gabbro

-igneous

-plutonic

-phaneritic/porphyritic

-mafic

-Ca-plagioclase, pyroxene, olivine, hornblende

-forms at upper-middle of BRS

uses: construction

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Andesite

-igneous

-volcanic

-aphanitic, porphyritic, vesicular, amydgoloidal

-intermediate

-Ca/Na plagiocalse, pyroxene, hornblende

-forms in the middle of BRS

uses: construction

<p>-igneous</p><p>-volcanic</p><p>-aphanitic, porphyritic, vesicular, amydgoloidal</p><p>-intermediate</p><p>-Ca/Na plagiocalse, pyroxene, hornblende</p><p>-forms in the middle of BRS</p><p>uses: construction</p>

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Syenite

-igneous

-plutonic

-phaneritic, porphyritic

-felsic

-K-feldspar, Na-plagioclase, quartz

-forms late in BRS

uses: building

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basalt

-igenous

-volcanic

-aphanitic, glassy, porphyritic

-mafic

-Ca-plagiclase, pyroxene

-forms at the beginning of BRS

uses: construction

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Rhyolite

-igneous

-volcanic

-aphanitic

-felsic

-K-feldspar, quartz, biotite

-forms at the end of BRS

uses: construction

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Granite

-igneous

-plutonic

-porphyritic, phaneritic

-felsic

-K-feldspar, quartz, Na-plagioclase

-forms at the low temp extreme of BRS

uses: countertops

<p>-igneous</p><p>-plutonic</p><p>-porphyritic, phaneritic</p><p>-felsic</p><p>-K-feldspar, quartz, <strong>Na-plagioclase</strong></p><p>-forms at the low temp extreme of BRS</p><p>uses: countertops</p>

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Trachyte

-igneous

-volcanic

-porphyritic

-felsic

-Ca-plagioclase, pyroxene

-forms in the middle of BRS

uses: construction/building

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Basalt

-igneous

-volcanic

-vesicular

-mafic

-Ca-plagioclase, pyroxene

-forms at beginning of BRS

uses: construction

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Tuff

-igneous

-volcanic

-aphanitic, porphyritic

-felsic/intermediate

-volcanic ash, pumice

-doesn’t form within BRS

uses: building

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Glassy

Igneous volcanic texture

-No visible grains, smooth, shiny

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Vesicular

Igneous volcanic texture

-presence of spherical to elongated holes throughout the rock

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Amygdaloidal

igneous volcanic texture

-Filled vesicular texture, where filling consists of other minerals lining or completely filling vesicles

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Aphanitic

igneous volcanic texture

-most crystals are visible to the naked eye, some may be big enough to catch the light. Not glassy

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Porphyritic

igneous plutonic/volcanic texture

-Crystals of multiple sizes

volcanic rocks - matrix is aphanitic embedded with several mm to cm size larger crystals

plutonic rocks - matrix is phaneritic embedded with several cm size larger crystals

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Phaneritic

igneous plutonic textures

-all crystals are visible without magnification and all about the same size

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Pegmatitic

All crystals are several cm in size, extremely coarse texture

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Mafic

dark colored minerals

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felsic

light colored minerals

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intermediate

a moderate silica content, falling between the high silica content of felsic rocks and the lower silica content of mafic rocks

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Plutonic (intrusive)

rocks are formed from magma cooling and solidifying underground

-large crystals

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Volcanic (extrusive)

rocks are formed from lava cooling and solidifying above ground

-small crystals

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Quartz Arenite Sandstone

-sedimentary

-clastic

-coarse to fine grain

-poor to well sorted

-sub angular to rounded shape

-quartz

-primary source of quartz arenite is the weathering of rocks containing quartz, such as granites, or other quartz-rich rocks

uses: construction

<p>-sedimentary </p><p>-clastic </p><p>-coarse to fine grain</p><p>-poor to well sorted</p><p>-sub angular to rounded shape </p><p>-quartz </p><p><span>-primary source of quartz arenite is the weathering of rocks containing quartz, such as granites, or other quartz-rich rocks</span></p><p><span>uses: construction </span></p>

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Quartz Arenite Sandstone

-sedimentary

-clastic

-coarse to fine grain

-poor to well sorted

-sub angular to rounded shape

-quartz

-primary source of quartz arenite is the weathering of rocks containing quartz, such as granites, or other quartz-rich rocks

uses: construction

<p>-sedimentary </p><p>-clastic </p><p>-coarse to fine grain</p><p>-poor to well sorted</p><p>-sub angular to rounded shape </p><p>-quartz </p><p>-primary source of quartz arenite is the weathering of rocks containing quartz, such as granites, or other quartz-rich rocks</p><p>uses: construction </p>

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Arkose Sandstone

-sedimentary

-clastic

-coarse to fine grained

-poorly sorted

-sub-angular to rounded shape

-quartz, K-feldspar

-rapid weathering and erosion of feldspar-rich igneous or metamorphic rocks, particularly granitic rocks

uses: construction

<p>-sedimentary</p><p>-clastic</p><p>-coarse to fine grained</p><p>-poorly sorted</p><p>-sub-angular to rounded shape</p><p>-quartz, K-feldspar</p><p>-<span>rapid weathering and erosion of feldspar-rich igneous or metamorphic rocks, particularly granitic rocks</span></p><p><span>uses: construction</span></p>

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Fossiliferous Limestone

-sedimentary

-biochemical

-shell fragments

-carbonate mud

-will react to HCl

-originates from shallow, warm, marine environments

uses: construction

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Oolitic Limestone

-sedimentary

-chemical

-calcite

-will react to HCl

-forms in warm, shallow, agitated marine environments

uses: building

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Chert

-sedimentary

-biochemical

-sponges, radiolarien, siliceous diatoms

-quartz

-wont react to HCl

-forms from biogenic silica from marine organisms like radiolarians and diatoms

uses: construction

<p>-sedimentary </p><p>-biochemical</p><p>-sponges, radiolarien, siliceous diatoms </p><p>-quartz</p><p>-wont react to HCl</p><p>-forms from <span>biogenic silica from marine organisms like radiolarians and diatoms</span></p><p><span>uses: construction </span></p>

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Shale

-sedimentary

-clastic

-extremely fine grained

-well sorted

-rounded shape

-clay minerals

-forms from compaction of fine-grained mud and clay particles, typically deposited in slow-moving or still water environments

uses: oil and natural gas

<p>-sedimentary</p><p>-clastic</p><p>-extremely fine grained</p><p>-well sorted</p><p>-rounded shape</p><p>-clay minerals </p><p>-forms from <span>compaction of fine-grained mud and clay particles, typically deposited in slow-moving or still water environments</span></p><p><span>uses: oil and natural gas </span></p>

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Bituminous Coal

-sedimentary

-biochemical

-organic carbon

-wont react to HCl

-forms from the transformation of buried plant material, particularly peat, under high pressure and heat over millions of years

uses: electricity generation

<p>-sedimentary </p><p>-biochemical</p><p>-organic carbon </p><p>-wont react to HCl</p><p>-forms from <span>the transformation of buried plant material, particularly peat, under high pressure and heat over millions of years</span></p><p><span>uses: electricity generation</span></p>

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Breccia

-sedimentary

-clastic

-coarse grained

-poorly sorted

-angular to sub-angular shape

-quartz, chert

-forms from processes like landslides, rock avalanches, faulting, volcanic eruptions, or meteorite impacts, resulting in the accumulation of broken rock debris

uses: decorative uses

<p>-sedimentary</p><p>-clastic</p><p>-coarse grained</p><p>-poorly sorted</p><p>-angular to sub-angular shape</p><p>-quartz, chert</p><p>-forms from processes like landslides, rock avalanches, faulting, volcanic eruptions, or meteorite impacts, resulting in the accumulation of broken rock debris</p><p>uses: decorative uses</p>

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Siltstone

-sedimentary

-clastic

-fine grained

-well sorted

-unidentifiable shape

-quartz, clay

-forms in relatively quiet depositional environments where silt-sized particles can settle out of moving water or wind and accumulate

uses: construction

<p>-sedimentary</p><p>-clastic</p><p>-fine grained</p><p>-well sorted</p><p>-unidentifiable shape </p><p>-quartz, clay </p><p>-forms in <span>relatively quiet depositional environments where silt-sized particles can settle out of moving water or wind and accumulate</span></p><p><span>uses: construction</span></p>

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Conglomerate

-sedimentary

-clastic

-coarse grained

-poorly sorted

-rounded to subrounded

-quartz, chert

-sediments deposited by fast-moving rivers and streams, or by wave action along beaches, where these clasts are transported and then cemented together over time

uses: construction

<p>-sedimentary</p><p>-clastic</p><p>-coarse grained</p><p>-poorly sorted</p><p>-rounded to subrounded</p><p>-quartz, chert</p><p>-sediments deposited by fast-moving rivers and streams, or by wave action along beaches, where these clasts are transported and then cemented together over time</p><p>uses: construction</p>

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Greywacke Sandstone

-sedimentary

-clastic

-fine to med grained

-poorly sorted

-sub-angular to rounded shape

-quartz, clay

-forms from the rapid deposition of mixed sediments, including sand, silt, and rock fragments, in deep ocean environments

uses: construction

<p>-sedimentary </p><p>-clastic</p><p>-fine to med grained</p><p>-poorly sorted</p><p>-sub-angular to rounded shape</p><p>-quartz, clay</p><p>-f<span>orms from the rapid deposition of mixed sediments, including sand, silt, and rock fragments, in deep ocean environments</span></p><p><span>uses: construction </span></p>

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Mudstone

-sedimentary

-clastic

-extremely fine grained

-clay minerals

-forms in quiet, low-energy environments like tidal flats, lakes, and the deep sea, where clay particles accumulate and harden over time

uses: construction

<p>-sedimentary</p><p>-clastic</p><p>-extremely fine grained</p><p>-clay minerals</p><p>-forms in quiet, low-energy environments like tidal flats, lakes, and the deep sea, where clay particles accumulate and harden over time</p><p>uses: construction</p>

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Coquina

-sedimentary

-biochemical

-shell fragments

-high porosity

-will react to HCl

-shallow coastal areas, especially in tropical or sub-tropical marine areas

uses: building

<p>-sedimentary </p><p>-biochemical</p><p>-shell fragments</p><p>-high porosity </p><p>-will react to HCl</p><p>-shallow coastal areas, especially in tropical or sub-tropical marine areas</p><p>uses: building </p>

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Shale

-sedimentary

-clastic

-extremely fine grained

-well sorted

-rounded shape

-clay minerals

-forms from compaction of fine-grained mud and clay particles, typically deposited in slow-moving or still water environments

uses: oil and natural gas

<p>-sedimentary</p><p>-clastic</p><p>-extremely fine grained</p><p>-well sorted</p><p>-rounded shape</p><p>-clay minerals</p><p>-forms from compaction of fine-grained mud and clay particles, typically deposited in slow-moving or still water environments</p><p>uses: oil and natural gas</p>

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Dolostone

-sedimentary

-biochemical

-visible shell fragments

-calcite

-will react to HCl

-formed by the replacement of pre-existing calcium carbonate sediments (limestone) by magnesium-rich fluids, a process called dolomitization, often occurring in ancient marine environments

uses: construction

<p>-sedimentary</p><p>-biochemical</p><p>-visible shell fragments</p><p>-calcite</p><p>-will react to HCl</p><p>-formed by the replacement of pre-existing calcium carbonate sediments <strong><mark data-color="red" style="background-color: red; color: inherit">(limestone)</mark></strong> by magnesium-rich fluids, a process called dolomitization, often occurring in ancient marine environments</p><p>uses: construction</p>

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Clastic

rocks composed of broken pieces of older rocks

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Biochemical

those formed through the biological activity of organisms, where they extract chemicals from their environment to build their skeletons or body parts, which then accumulate and lithify into rock

-May react to HCl

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chemical

formed through the chemical precipitation of minerals from water solutions, resulting in the accumulation and subsequent compaction of these mineral grains

-reacts to HCL

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Slate

-metamorphic

-foliated

-slaty

-red slate

proliths: shale or mudstone

-regional metamorphism - low>med>high grade

uses: construction

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Phyllite

-metamorphic

-foliated

-phyllitic

-amphibole, Ca-plagioclase, quartz

proliths: shale or mudstone

regional metamorphism - low>med>high grade

uses: decorative applications

<p>-metamorphic</p><p>-foliated</p><p>-phyllitic</p><p>-amphibole, Ca-plagioclase, quartz</p><p>proliths: shale or mudstone</p><p>regional metamorphism - low>med>high grade</p><p>uses: decorative applications </p>

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Biotite Schist

-metamorphic

-foliated

-Schistose

-biotite, muscovite, feldspar

proliths: shale or mudstone

regional metamorphism - low>med>high grade

uses: decorative applications

<p>-metamorphic</p><p>-foliated</p><p>-Schistose</p><p>-biotite, muscovite, feldspar </p><p>proliths: shale or mudstone </p><p>regional metamorphism - low>med>high grade </p><p>uses: decorative applications </p>

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Muscovite Schist

-metamorphic

-foliated

-schistose

-muscovite, quartz

proliths: shale or mudstone

regional metamorphism - low>med>high grade

uses: building

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Marble

-metamorphic

-nonfoliated

-crystalline

-calcite, quartz, feldspar

proliths: limestone or dolostone

regional metamorphism - med grade

uses: construction

<p>-metamorphic </p><p>-nonfoliated </p><p>-crystalline</p><p>-calcite, quartz, feldspar</p><p>proliths: limestone or dolostone </p><p>regional metamorphism - med grade </p><p>uses: construction</p>

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Granite Gneiss

-metamorphic

-foliated

-gneissic

-Na-plagioclase feldspar, biotite, hornblende

proliths: felsic, intermediate plutonic rocks

regional metamorphism - high grade

uses: construction

<p>-metamorphic</p><p>-foliated</p><p>-gneissic</p><p>-Na-plagioclase feldspar, biotite, hornblende</p><p>proliths: felsic, intermediate plutonic rocks</p><p>regional metamorphism - high grade </p><p>uses: construction</p>

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Feldspar Gneiss

-metamorphic

-foliated

-gneissic

-K feldspar, plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, quartz

proliths: felsic or int. plutonic rocks, granite, diorite

Regional metamorphism - high grade

uses: construction

<p>-metamorphic</p><p>-foliated</p><p>-gneissic</p><p>-K feldspar, plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, quartz</p><p>proliths: felsic or int. plutonic rocks, granite, diorite</p><p>Regional metamorphism - high grade</p><p>uses: construction</p>

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Quartzite

-metamorphic

-nonfoliated

-micro-crystalline

-quartz, micas

proliths: sandstone

regional metamorphism - high grade

uses: countertops

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Feldspar Gneiss

-metamorphic

-foliated

-striations

-gneissic

-feldspar, hornblende

proliths: felsic or int. plutonic rocks, granite, diorite

regional metamorphism - high grade

uses: construction

<p>-metamorphic</p><p>-foliated</p><p>-striations</p><p>-gneissic</p><p>-feldspar, hornblende</p><p>proliths: felsic or int. plutonic rocks, granite, diorite</p><p>regional metamorphism - high grade</p><p>uses: construction</p>

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Amphibole Schist

-metamorphic

-foliated

-shistose

-amphibole (hornblende)

proliths: mafic igneous rocks (basalt, gabbro)

regional metamorphism - low>med>high grade

uses: construction

<p>-metamorphic</p><p>-foliated</p><p>-shistose</p><p>-amphibole (hornblende)</p><p>proliths: mafic igneous rocks (basalt, gabbro)</p><p>regional metamorphism - low>med>high grade</p><p>uses: construction</p>

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Anthracite Coal

-metamorphic

-nonfoliated

-micro-crystalline

-carbon

proliths: bituminous coal

regional or contact metamorphism - low grade

uses: heating systems

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Green Schist

-metamorphic

-foliated

-schistose

-chlorite, biotite, schist

proliths: mafic volcanic/plutonic rocks, basalt, gabbro

regional metamorphism - low grade

uses: decorative purposes

<p>-metamorphic</p><p>-foliated </p><p>-schistose</p><p>-chlorite, biotite, schist</p><p>proliths: mafic volcanic/plutonic rocks, basalt, gabbro </p><p>regional metamorphism - low grade</p><p>uses: decorative purposes </p>

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Gray Slate

-metamorphic

-foliated

-slaty

-amphibole

proliths: shale or mudstone

regional metamorphism - low>med>high

uses: roofing

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Eclogite

-metamorphic

-nonfoliated

-crystalline

-garnet, pyroxene, quartz

-proliths: mafic volcanic, plutonic rocks, gabbro, basalt

regional metamorphism - high grade

uses: geologic research

<p>-metamorphic</p><p>-nonfoliated</p><p>-crystalline</p><p>-garnet, pyroxene, quartz</p><p>-proliths: mafic volcanic, plutonic rocks, gabbro, basalt</p><p>regional metamorphism - high grade </p><p>uses: geologic research </p>

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Amphibolite (schist/gneiss)

-metamorphic

-foliated

-shistose/gneissic

-amphibole, quartz

proliths: mafic volcanic, plutonic rocks, basalt, gabbro

regional metamorphism - high grade

uses: construction

<p>-metamorphic</p><p>-foliated</p><p>-shistose/gneissic</p><p>-amphibole, quartz</p><p>proliths: mafic volcanic, plutonic rocks, basalt, gabbro </p><p>regional metamorphism - high grade </p><p>uses: construction </p>

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Serpentinite

-metamorphic

-nonfolliated

-serpentine, quartz

proliths: ultramafic plutonic rocks, peridotite

regional metamorphism - med grade

uses: decorative architecture

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Slaty

No visible grains, dull luster, well developed cleavage surfaces along which rocks splits into flat sheets/tiles

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Phyllitic

No visible grains, satin/polished luster, foliation is distinctly wavy

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Schistose

Visibly platy minerals (sparkly mm-size to large cm-size crystals) along wavy foliation planes. Shiny rock commonly containing other large visible crystals

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gneissic

Distinct banding with alternating bands of different minerals. (usually light and dark alternating bands, sometimes banding may only contain one prominent mineral). Micas may be present but do not dominate the foliation as in schists

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Foliated

metamorphic rocks that exhibit a layered or striped appearance due to the parallel alignment of mineral grains, often caused by pressure or heat during metamorphism

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Non-foliated

lack a layered or banded appearance, unlike foliated rocks, and are characterized by a more uniform texture due to the recrystallization of minerals without directional pressure