Biology Final

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Independent Variable

The variable you know, and the variable you change.

Dependent Variable

Stays the same. Its the one you measure.

Constant Variables

Stays the same no matter what.

Experimental group

The group that gets changed, includes independent variable

Control Group

The group that you use for comparison, includes dependent variable.

Cell specialization

When cells have different jobs.

Data

Is what you collect usually in numbers/measurments.

Observations

What you observe in an experiment.

Qualitative data

Data that describes qualities.

Quantitative data

Data that is numbers and measurements.

Why can only one independent variable be tested at a time?

So you can ensure you know what caused a reaction.

What are the 5 steps of the scientific method in order?

1. Observation

2. Forming a hypothesis

3. Creating an experiment

4. Testing said experiment

5. Reflect on experiment

Explain the differences between qualitative and quantitative.

Qualitative is qualities in an object and quantitative is the number of something.

What is spontaneous generation and why was it disproved.

Spontaneous generation is the idea that life can come from non life. It was disproved because life always comes from life.

What is abiogenesis?

The theory that life came from non life. Also known as spontaneous generation

What is biogenesis?

The proven theory that life comes from life.

Who was Francesco Redi, and what did he do?

He was the scientist who attempted to disprove spontaneous generation by having putting a piece of meat in an uncovered jar and another piece of meat in a covered jar. The after a week the uncovered meat had maggots in it while the covered meat didn’t.

Who was Lazzaro Spallanzani, and what did he do?

He was the second scientist who attempted to disprove spontaneous generation by boiling two containers of broth and then covering one. The uncovered one had microorganisms after a week while the covered on did not.

Who was Louis Pasteur and what did he do?

He was the scientist who actually disproved spontaneous generation. By boiling broth in a gooseneck flask and letting it sit for a year. Because the tiny airborne particles couldn’t get into the broth it didn’t have microorganisms.

What is biology?

Biology is the study of life.

What are the six themes of biology?

1. Are made of cells

2. Reproduce

3. Have DNA

4. Grow and develope

5. Obtain and use materials and energy

6. Respond to their environment

What are the 8 characteristics of life?

1. Cells

2. Reproduce

3. Maintain Homeostasis

4. Stimulus

5. Grow and develope

6. Energy/Metabolism

7. DNA

8. Evolve

Name and describe the finding of the 3 scientists that lead to disproving spontaneous generation.

Redi = Meat in a jar, when covered = no maggots

Spallanzani = Boiled broth, when covered = no microorganisms

Pasteur = Boiled broth, put it in a gooseneck flask no covering = no microorganisms.

What are Atoms?

Smallest unit of an element that still retains its properties.

What is matter?

Any substance that has mass.

What are protons?

Protons are the positive charged particles found in the nucleus of atoms.

What are Neutrons?

Neutrons are the neutrally charged particles found in the nucleus of atoms.

What are electrons?

Electrons are the negatively charged particles that are found orbiting the nucleus of an atom

What are covalent bonds?

Covalent bonds are when two atoms share valence electrons so that both atoms get a full valence shell.

What are Ionic bonds?

Ionic bonds are when one atom steals an electron from another atom making one positive and the other negative. The one that got stolen from is now positive and the one that gets the atom is negative.

What is an Ion?

An atom or molecule with a positive or negative charge.

What does polar mean?

Polar means when things have a positive and negative charge.

What is cohesion?

When something (usually water) sticks to itself.

What is adhesion?

Adhesion is when something (usually water) sticks to something other than itself.

What is a compound?

Compounds are when two or more different chemical elements are bonded in a specific ratio.

What is a Hydrogen bond?

Hydrogen bonds are when a single hydrogen electron bonds to a different chemical.

What is a solvent?

Solvents are usually liquids that dissolve things.

What is a solute?

The thing that gets dissolved by the solvent.

What is a solution?

A solution is when the solvent dissolves the solute and creates a new substance.W

Where are Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons in atom and what charge do they have?

Protons are in the nucleus and are positive

Neutrons are in the nucleus and are neutral

Electrons are orbiting the nucleus and are negative.

Why is water polar?

Because an Oxygen molecule pulls two hydrogen molecules in and they then have a small positive and negative charge.

Why is the cohesive property of water so important to life on earth?

The cohesive property of water allows it to stay intact at a wide range of temperatures.

What is the difference between covalent bonds and Ionic bonds?

Covalent bonds share electrons, Ionic bonds steal electrons.

What are macromolecules?

Macro molecules are the large molecules.

What does it mean for something to be organic in science?

Organic compounds are when carbon is bonded to other carbon.

What are inorganic compounds?

Inorganic compounds (except carbon dioxide) do not contain carbon atoms.

What are functional groups?

Functional groups are clusters of atoms that are attracted to the “carbon backbone” they give the molecule a particular shape and are directly involved in chemical reactions.

What molecules make up carbohydrates?

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.

What are Saccharides?

Organic molecule made of CHO in a 1:2:1 ratio that is a structural component for living things.

What are monosaccharides?

One molecule of sugar, are the monomer of carbohydrates.

Examples: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose.

What are disaccharides?

2 Monosaccharides that are combined in a condensation reaction.

Examples: Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

What are polysaccharides?

Are three or more monosaccharides combined, in a chain.

Examples: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose

What are lipids?

Large nonpolar organic molecules. Contain CHO not in a 1:2:1 ratio. Not water soluble.

Examples: Fats, Oils, Waxes

What is glycerol?

Glycerol is a building block of lipids, has fatty acid tails connected to the molecule.

What are fatty acids?

The molecules that are connected to glycerol. Are unbranched carbon chains with a carboxyl group.

What are Saturated fats?

Are fatty acid tails without a carbon-carbon double bond. Are usually solid at room temp.

Examples: Shortening, lard, butter.

What are unsaturated fats?

They are fatty acid tails with a carbon-carbon double bond. Are usually liquids at room temp.

Examples: Olive oil, vegetable oil.

What is a protein?

Are macromolecules that contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen. Their monomers are amino acids.

What is the structure of amino acids?

A carboxyl group (-COOH)

An amino group (-NH2)

One single hydrogen

An “R” group which is different on every amino acid. There are 20

What are peptide bonds?

Are covalent bonds formed by condensation reactions that link the carboxyl group to one of the amino acids to the amino group of another

What are polypeptides?

Polypeptides are a long chain of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.

What are nucleic acids?

Are large organic molecules that store and transfer infomation to the cell, they contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus. There are two types DNA and RNA.

What are nucleotides?

The building block of nucleic acids.

What is DNA & RNA?

DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell and contains the info on the characteristics of an organism and directs cell activities.

RNA transfers info from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm in order to carry out protein synthesis.

What are monomer?

Monomers are the small building block of units, they join together to form polymers.

Examples: Glucose monomers join to make a starch polymer.

What are polymers?

Polymers are long molecules consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.

Examples: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

What is a condensation reaction?

It is when two molecules are contently bonded to one another through the loss of a water molecule. Making a monomer into a polymer.

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

When the covalent bonds between polymers are broken down to monomers by adding water.

What is an enzyme?

The proteins that speed up the chemical reactions of the cell. They can only do one specific job, and are never used up in chemical reactions.

What is an active site?

Active sites refer to the spot where two substrate molecules bind to the enzyme. Something so precise it is compared to a “lock and key”.

What is a substrate?

Substrate molecules are the reactants in the reaction.

What is the enzyme-substrate complex?

It is when the substrates are bound to the active site.

What are the four classes of biomolecules and the monomer of each?

1. Carbohydrates. Monomer = Simple sugars such as glucose

2. Lipids. Monomer = Fatty acids and Glycerol

3. Proteins. Monomer = Amino acids

4. Nucleic acids. Monomer = Nucleotides

A change in temperature or pH can change the shape of a protein. How would this affect the functioning of an enxyme? Explain in terms of the “lock and key” hypothesis.

When things warm up they usually melt changing the shape of the lock, so when the key or substrate tries to fit into the melted lock/enzyme it doesn’t fit meaning no new products and no enzyme substrate reaction.

Carbon is an important element in living systems. Identify three characteristics of carbon that make possible the building of a variety of biological molecules.

1. Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons and each one can join with another atom in a covalent bond,n they are good at combining.

2. Carbon is found a lot in nature.

3. Carbon bonds with other carbons to form, straight chains, branched chains, or rings which are almost unlimited in size.

What are the component elements of each biomolecule? Include the function of each molecule.

Carbon (C) the backbone, Hydrogen (H) the supporter?, Oxygen (O) for air, and Nitrogen (N), the building block for DNA and protein.

Who was Hooke?

He was a scientist who looked a cork through a microscope and saw little boxes he called cells.

Who was Virchow?

He was a doctor who concluded that cells come from existing cells. Biogenesis.

Who was Schleiden?

A botanist who concluded all plants are made of cells.

Who was Scwann?

A zoologist that concluded all animals are made of cells.

Who was Van Leewenhoek?

The first person to observe microorganisms in pond water, called them “little Beasties”.

What is a prokaryotic cell?

Prokaroytic cells are simple single celled organisms that like bacteria or archaea that don’t have a membrane bound nucleus.

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A complex cell with a membrane bound nucleus housing its DNA, has membrane bound organelles, and are usually animal and plant cells.

What are Organelles?

Organelles are special cells that have a specific job.

What are cells?

Cells are the basic unit of life.

Explain the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell in terms of where DNA is located in each cell.

Prokayotic cells DNA is found in the nucleolus which is in the nucleus but is not surrounded by a membrane. Eukaryotic cells DNA is enclosed in a membrane surrounded nucleus.

List the three statements that compose the cell theory.

1. All living things are made of cells

2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function

3. All cells come from other cells. Biogenesis

List the four basic characteristic common to all cell types.

1. DNA

2. Ribosomes

3. Cytoplasm

4. Cell membrane

What 3 organelles does a plant cell have that an animal cell does not?

1. Cell wall

2. Central vacuole

3. Chloroplast

What 2 organelles does an animal cell have that a plant cell does not?

1. Lysosomes

2. Centrioles

What bond bonds water molecules?

Hydrogen bonds.